The Mediating Role of Suicidal Ideation in the Relationship Between Parenting Styles, Basic Psychological Needs and Perceived Burdensomeness with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Adolescents

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

4 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential mediating effect of suicidal ideation on the relationship between parenting styles, fundamental psychological needs, and adolescents' perceived burdensomeness with non-suicidal self-injury. The research study utilized a descriptive-correlational approach to examine a sample of 420 high school students (188 male and 232 female) selected through cluster random sampling from a larger population of 224,400 male and female high school students in Tehran during the 2019-2020 academic year. Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), Self-Harm Inventory (SHI), Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S), Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PASCQ), and Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) were among the instruments utilized. Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were implemented in SPSS-23 and Amos-23 statistical software, respectively, to analyze the data. Suicidal ideation mediated a significant indirect effect of parenting styles, fundamental psychological needs, and perceived burdensomeness on non-suicidal self-injury, according to the results of structural equation modeling. An additional 44% of the variance in suicidal ideation could be attributed to perceived burdensomeness, fundamental psychological requirements, and parenting styles. Furthermore, a combination of parental styles, fundamental psychological needs, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation accounted for 35% of the variability observed in non-suicidal self-injury. These results suggest that fostering appropriate parenting styles, the satisfaction of fundamental psychological needs, the reduction of perceived burdensomeness, and the addressing of suicidal ideation in adolescents could effectively mitigate non-suicidal self-injury.
 

Keywords

References

انیسی، ج.، فتحی آشتیانی، ع.، سلیمی، س.‌ ح.، و احمدی، خ. (1384). ارزیابی اعتبار و روایی مقیاس افکار خودکشی بک (BSSI) در سربازان. مجلۀ طب نظامی. 7(1)، 37–33. https://www.sid.ir/paper/62015/fa
تاباکنیک، ب. ج.، و فیدل، ل. (۱۳۹۵). کاربرد آمار چندمتغیری. ترجمۀ بلال ایزانلو، ولی‌الله فرزاد، حمیدرضا حسن‌آبادی، خدیجه ابوالمعالی و مجتبی حبیبی عسگرآباد. چاپ اول. تهران: رشد.
حسنی، ج.، و میرآقایی، ع. م. (1391). رابطۀ راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان با ایده‌پردازی خودکشی. روان‌شناسی معاصر. 7(1)، 72–61. https://bjcp.ir/browse.php?a_id=26&sid=1&slc_lang=fa
ساداتی فیروزآبادی، س.، و ملتفت، ق. (1396). نقش واسطه‌ای نیازهای روان‌شناختی پایه در ارتباط بین سبک‌های والدگری و سلامت روان دانش‌آموزان تیزهوش. فصلنامۀ آموزش بهداشت و ارتقای سلامت. 5(3)، 212–203. https://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-553-fa.html
کیانی چل‌مردی، ا. ر.، رشید، س.، هنرمند، پ.، و تموک، ف. (1397). بررسی ساختاری مدل نظریۀ بین‌فردی خودکشی در دانشجویان. دوفصلنامۀ روان‌شناسی معاصر. 1(1)، 60–51. https://bjcp.ir/article-1-1383-fa.html
کیانی چل‌مردی، ا. ر.، هنرمند قوجه‌بگلو، پ.، و خاکدال قوجه‌بگلو، س. (1396). پیش‌بینی گرایش به خودکشی در دانش‌آموزان براساس الگوها و مرزهای ارتباطی خانواده. مجلۀ مراقبت اورژانس. 1(2)، 66–56. http://ijec.ir/article-1-52-fa.html
طاهباز حسین‌زاده، س.، قربانی، ن.، و نبوی، س. م. (1390). مقایسۀ گرایش شخصیتی خودتخریبی و خودشناسی انسجامی در بیماران مبتلا به مالتیپل اسکلروز و افراد سالم. فصلنامۀ روان‌شناسی معاصر. 6(2)، 44-35. https://bjcp.ir/browse.php?a_id=40&sid=1&slc_lang=fa
هویت، د.، وکرامر، د. (۱۳۸۸). روش‌های آماری در روان‌شناسی و سایر علوم رفتاری. ترجمۀ حسن پاشاشریفی، جعفر نجفی‌زند، مالک میرهاشمی، داود معنوی‌پور و نسترن شریفی. چاپ اول، تهران: سخن.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Anisi, J., Fathi-Ashtiani, A., Salimi, S. H., & Ahmadi, Kh. (2005). Assessing the validity and reliability of the Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (BSSI) in soldiers. Journal of Military Medicine, 7(1), 33-37. (In Persian)
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57(3), 547-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb02384.x
Barzilay, S., Feldman, D., Snir, A., Apter, A., Carli, V., Hoven, C.W., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., & Wasserman, D. (2015). The interpersonal theory of suicide and adolescent suicidal behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.047
Barrow, J. C., & Moore, C. A. (1983). Group interventions with perfectionist thinking. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 61(10), 612–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-4918.1983.tb00008.x
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper and Row.
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: the scale for suicide ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343
Bollen, K. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 256-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.256
Britton, P. C., Van Orden, K. A., Hirsch, J. K., & Williams, G. C. (2014). Basic psychological needs, suicidal ideation, and risk for suicidal behavior in young adults. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 362–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12074
Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., May, A. M., & Klonsky, E. D. (2015). Trajectories of suicide ideation, non-suicidal self-Injury, and suicide attempts in a non-clinical sample of military personnel and veterans. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(3), 315-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12127
 Bryan, C. J., & Rudd, M. D. (2016). The importance of temporal dynamics in the transition from suicidal thought to behavior. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 23(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12135
Burke, T. A., Jacobucci, R., Ammerman, B. A., Piccirillo, M., McCloskey, M. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Alloy, L. B. (2018). Identifying the relative importance of non-suicidal self-injury features in classifying suicidal ideation, plans, and behavior using exploratory data mining. Psychiatry Research, 262, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.045
Claes, L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2016). Non-suicidal self-Injury in eating disorders. Heidelberg: Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-40107-7
Cipriano, A., Cella, S., & Cotrufo, P. (2017). Non suicidal self-injury: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01946
Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007). Assessing autonomy-supportive coaching strategies in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 671-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.12.001
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Ducher, J. L., & Dalery, J. (2004). Concurrent validation of suicidal risk assessment scale with the beck’s suicidal ideation scale. L’Encephale, 30(3), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95436-X
Durkheim, E. (1897). Le Suicide: Etude de socologie. Paris, France: F. Alcan.
Emery, A. A., Heath, N. L., & Rogers, M. (2017). Parents’ role in early adolescent self-injury: an application of self-determination theory. School Psychology Quarterly, 32(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000204
Emery, A. A., Heath, L. N., & Mills, D. J. (2016). Basic psychological need satisfaction, emotion dysregulation, and non-suicidal self-Injury engagement in young adults: an application of self-determination theory. Journal of youth and Adolescence, 45(3), 612-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0405-y
Ferrara, M., Terrinoni, A., & Williams, R. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent in patients: Assessing personality features and attitude toward death. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-12
Gagne, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27(3), 199-223. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025007614869
Garisch, J. A., & Wilson, M. S. (2015). Prevalence, correlates, and prospective predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among new zealand adolescents: cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0055-6
Gratz, K. L., & Chapman, A. L. (2009). Freedom from self-harm: overcoming self-injury with skills from DBT and other treatments. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
Hamza, C. A., Stewart, S. L., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Examining the link between non suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature and an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6),482-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.003
Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A metaanalysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.3.205
Hasani, J., & Miraghaei. A. (2012). The relationship between strategies for cognitive regulation of emotions and suicidal ideation. Contemporary Psychology, 7(1), 61-72. https://bjcp.ir/article-1-26-en.html (In Persian)
Hill, R. M., & Pettit, J. W. (2013). The role of autonomy needs in suicidal ideation: integrating the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide and self-determination theory. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.777001
Hill, R. M., del Busto, C. T., Buitron, V., & Pettit, J. W. (2018). Depressive symptoms and perceived burdensomeness mediate the association between anxiety and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research, 22(4), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2018.1427163
Hill, R. M., Rey, Y., Marin, C. E., Sharp, C., Green, K. L., & Pettit, J. W. (2015). Evaluating the interpersonal needs questionnaire: comparison of the reliability, factor structure, and predictive validity across five versions. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(3), 302- 314. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12129
Hollander, M. (2017). Helping teens who cut (2nd Ed.): using DBT skills to end self-injury. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2005). An introduction to statistics in psychology, Translated by: H. Pashasharifi et al.Tehran: Sokhan. (In Persian)
Hyrkäs, K., Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K., & Oksa, L. (2003). Validating an instrument for clinical supervision using an expert panel international. Journal of Nursing Studies, 40(6), 619-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(03)00036-1
Ihemedu, E. (2018). Parenting style, adolescent suicidal behavior and self-disclosure in a sample of saint lucian adolescents. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Connecticut. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/dissertations/1710/
Johnston, M. M., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Measuring basic needs satisfaction: evaluating previous research and conducting new psychometric evaluations of the basic needs satisfaction in general scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(4), 280-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.04.003
Joiner, T. E., Ribeiro, J. D., & Silva, C. (2012). Non suicidal self-injury, suicidal behavior, and their co-occurrence as viewed through the lens of the interpersonal theory of suicide. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(5), 342-347. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44318606
Joiner, T. E., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Selby, E. A., Ribeiro, J. D., Lewis, R., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior: empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016500
Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jun, Y.S. & Choi, Y. S. (2017). Study on the influence of children`s GPA on the happiness of parents and themselves. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 24(2), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.21509/KJYS.2017.01.24.2.473
Kara, K., Ozsoy, S., Teke, H., Congologlu, M. A., Turker, T., Renklidag, T., & Karapirli, M. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in forensic child and adolescent populations: clinical features and relationship with depression. Neurosciences, 20(1), 31–36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25630778
kiani Chalmari A, Honarmand P, Khakdal S. (2017). Predicting Suicide Tendency Based on Family Relationship Patterns and Boundary in Students. Iranian Journal of Emergency Care, 1(2), 56-66. http://ijec.ir/article-1-52-en.html (In Persian)
Kianichalmardi, A., Rashid, S., Honarmand, P., & Tamuk, F. (2018). A structural test of the interpersonal theory of suicide model in students. Contemporary Psychology, 1(1), 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/bjcp.13.1.50 (In Persian)
Kliem, S., Lohmann, A., Mößle, T., & Brähler, E. (2017). German Beck Scale for Suicide ideation (BSS): psychometric properties from a representative population survey. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 389. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1559-9
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford Publications.
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The three-step theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
Klonsky, E. D., Saffer, B. Y., & Bryan, C. J. (2018). Ideation-to-action theories of suicide: A conceptual and empirical update. Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.020
Cerutti, R., Calabrese, M., & Valastro, C. (2014). Alexithymia and personality disorders in the adolescent non-suicidal self injury: preliminary results. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.714
Lawshe, CH. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lai, K. W., & McBride-Chang, C. (2001). Suicidal ideation, parenting style, and family climate among hong kong adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590042000065
Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005). Non suicidal self-harm among community adolescents: understanding the “whats” and “whys” of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z
Lioyd-Richardson, E. E., Hasking, P., Lewis, S., Hamza, C., McAllister, M., Baetens, I., & Muehlenkamp, J. (2020). Addressing self-injury in schools, Part 1: understanding non suicidal self-injury and the importance of respectful curiosity in supporting youth who engage in self-injury. NASN School Nurse, 35(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X19886381
Mehlum, L., Ramberg, M., Tørmoen, A. J., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., and Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2016). Dialectical behaviour therapy compared with enhanced usual care for adolescents with repeated suicidal and self- harming behaviour: outcomes over a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.005
Meyer, B., Enstorm, M. K., Harstveit, M., Bowles, D. P., & Beevers, C. G. (2007). Happiness and despair on the catwalk: need satisfaction, wellbeing, and personality adjustment among fashion models. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(1), 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760601076635
Meyers, L. S, Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. London: Sage Publication.
Mitchell, S. M., Brown, S. L., Roush, J. F., Tucker, R. P., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). The interpersonal needs questionnaire: statistical considerations for improved clinical application. Assessment, 27(3), 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118824660
Muehlenkamp, J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Mental Health, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-10
 Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430
Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thorgenson-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
Nunes, F., & Mota, C. P. (2017). Parenting styles and suicidal ideation in adolescents: mediating effect of attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0611-6
 
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 339-363. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885
O'Connor, R. C. (2011). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior [Editorial]. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 32(6), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000120
Olson, M. A., McNulty, J. K., March, D. S., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Hicks, L. L. (2022). Automatic and controlled antecedents of suicidal ideation and action: A dual-process conceptualization of suicidality. Psychological Review. 129(2), 388–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000286 
Opperman, K., Czyz, E. K., Gipson, P. Y., & King, C. A. (2015). Connectedness and perceived burdensomeness among adolescents at elevated suicide risk: An examination of the interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 19(3), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.957451
Prinstein, M. J., Nock, M. K., Simon, V., Aikins, J. W., Cheah, C. S. L., & Spirito, A. (2008). Longitudinal trajectories and predictors of adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts following inpatient hospitalization. Jourmal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.92
Rahme, E., Low, N. C., Lamarre, S., Turecki, G., Bonin, J. P., Daneau, D., ... & Szkrumelak, N. (2015). Attempted suicide among students and young adults in montreal, quebec, canada: A retrospective cross-sectional study of hospitalized and non-hospitalized suicide attempts based on chart review. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord, 17(5), 10.4088/PCC.15m01806. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.15m01806
Rashid, S., Kiani, A. R., Khorramdel, K., Gholami, F., & Senobar, L. (2016). The relationship between interpersonal psychological theory of suicide constructs (loneliness, perceived social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness) and suicidal behavior among iranian students. Health Education & Health Promotion, 4(2), 35-48. http://hehp.modares.ac.ir/article-5-5037-en.html
Rowe, C. A., Walker, K. L., Britton, P. C., & Hirsch, J. K. (2013). The relationship between negative life events and suicidal behavior: moderating role of basic psychological needs. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 34(4), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000173
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
Sadati Firoozabadi, S., & Moltafet G. (2017). The Mediating Role of Satisfying Basic Psychological Needs on The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Mental Health in Gifted Students. Iranian Journal of Health Education Health Promotion, 5(3), 203-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/acadpub.ijhehp.5.3.203 (In Persian)
Sansone, R. A., Sellbom, M., & Songer, D. A. (2018). Borderline personality disorder and mental health care utilization: The role of self-harm. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 188-191. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000245
Sansone, R. A., & Wiederman, M. W. (2015) The self-harm inventory: A meta-analysis of its relationship to the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4 as a measure of borderline personality disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 19(4), 290-293. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2015.1074708
Sansone, R. A., Gage, M. D., & Wiederman, M. W. (1998). Investigation of borderline personality disorder among non-psychotic, involuntarily hospitalized clients. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 20(2),133-140.
Sansone, R. A., Wiederman, M. W., Sansone, L. A., & Touchet, B. (1998). An investigation of primary care patients receiving extended treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The American Journal of Managed Care, 4(10), 1397-1402. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10338733/
Stewart, S. M., Eaddy, M., Horton, S. E., Hughes, J., & Kennard, B. (2017). The validity of the interpersonal theory of suicide in adolescence: A review. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(3), 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1020542
Simioni, A. R., Pan, P. M., Gadelha, A., Manfro, G. G., Mari, J. J., Miguel, E.C., Rohde, L. A., & Salum, G. A. (2018). Prevalence, clinical correlates and maternal psychopathology of deliberate self-harm in children and early adolescents: results from a large community study. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 40(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2124
Skinner, E. A., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting, 5(2), 175-225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
Steuwe, C., Rullkötter, N., Ertl, V., Berg, M., Neuner, F., Beblo, T., & Driessen, M. (2016). Effectiveness and feasibility of narrative exposure therapy (NET) in patients with borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0969-4
Störkel, L. M., Karabatsiakis, A., Hepp, J., Kolassa, I. T., Schmahl, C., and Niedtfeld, I. (2021). Salivary beta-endorphin in non-suicidal self-injury: An ambulatory assessment study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46(7), 1357 – 1363. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00914-2
Sultan, N., & Javed, Z. (2020). Parenting styles and suicidal ideation in Pakistani adolescents. Journal of Professional and Applied Psychology, 1(2), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v1i2.9
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in non-clinical samples: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12070
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2016). Using multivariate statistics(6th ed). Translated by, Pashasharifi, H et al. Tehran: Roshd Pub. (In Persian)
Tahbaz-Hosseinzadeh, S., Ghorbani, N., & Nabavi, S. M. (2012). Comparison of self-destructive personality tendency and coherent self-knowledge in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy people. Contemporary Psychology, 6(2), 44-35. https://bjcp.ir/article-1-40-en.html (In Persian)
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72
Van Orden, K.A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness; construct validity and psychometric properties of the interpersonal needs questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025358
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3): 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359
Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Soenens, B., & Luyckx, K. (2006). Autonomy and relatedness among chinese sojourners and applicants: conflictual or independent predictors of well-being and adjustment? Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9041-x
Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.591
Whitlock, J. L., & Selekman, M. (2014). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) across the lifespan. In M. Nock (Ed.), Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 133–151). New York, NY: Oxford Library of Psychology, Oxford University Press.
Zinchuk, Z., Beghi, M., Beghi, E., Bianchi, E., Avedisova, A., Yakovlev, A., & Guekht, A. (2020): Non-suicidal self-injury in russian patients with suicidal ideation. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(2), 776-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1833801
Zahedi Tajrishi, K., Besharat, M. A., Pourbohlool, S., & Larijani, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of a farsi version of the basic needs satisfaction in general scale in a sample of iranian population. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.044
 
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 15, Issue 1
2024
Pages 91-114

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 30 May 2022
  • Accept Date: 05 July 2022
  • First Publish Date: 16 March 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 April 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics