The Effect of Memory Bias Modification on Remediation of Behavioral Symptoms and Memory Dysfunction in Depressed Patients: A Preliminary Study

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Psychology. Psychology and Educational Science Faculty. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Psychology. Education and Psychology Faculty. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Program for Attentive Remediation of Memory Inclination (PARMIN) on remediation behavioral symptoms and memory impairment in patients with mild to severe depression and apply its results into the depression treatment. This study is a semi-experimental trial that involves a clinical intervention with three-stage evaluation (pre-test, post-test and a three-month follow-up), which lasted from November 2016 until the summer of 2017. The statistical population consisted of the patients who were referred to Shahid Beheshti University clinics. Based on the convenience sampling method, 15 individuals were randomly selected from 35 patients who had previously been diagnosed with symptoms of depression by a psychiatrist. These diagnoses were then confirmed through structured diagnostic interviews. The research instruments included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and the N-Back Test (Face and Word) (N-BT). The results were analyzed using SPSS v. 23 and the output of the one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the intervention had a significant effect on improving the working memory and memory bias caused by depression (p <0.05). In addition, the effect of memory modification on reducing the patients' temperamental symptoms was significant, and after a three-month follow-up, these results proved to be stable (P<0.001). According to the findings, modification of the memory bias regardless of the severity of depression can be effective in reducing the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of depression.

Keywords


بیرامی، م.، موحدی، ی.، پورمحمدی، م.، خرازی، هـ.، و احمدی، ل. (1393). سوگیری شناختی پردازش اطلاعات هیجانی در افراد مضطرب، افسرده و بهنجار. فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی. 2(4)، 60-51.
فتحی‌آشتیانی، ع. (۱۳۹۱). آزمون‌های روانشناختی: ارزیابی شخصیت و سلامت روان (چاپ نهم). تهران: بعثت.
فتی، ل.، بیرشک، ب.، عاطف وحید، م. ک.، و دابسون، ک. ا. (1384). ساختارهای معناگذاری / طرحواره‌ها، حالت‌های هیجانی و پردازش شناختی اطلاعات هیجانی: مقایسه دو چهارچوب مفهومی. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران. 11(3)، 326-312.
میرز، ل.، گامست، گ.، و گارینو، ا. ج. (۱۳۹۶). پژوهش‌های چندمتغیری کاربردی (طرح و تفسیر). ترجمه حمیدرضا حسن‌آبادی، حسن پاشاشریفی، ولی‌الله فرزاد، سیمین‌دخت رضاخانی، بلال ایزانلو و مجتبی حبیبی. تهران: رشد.
نیک‌بخت، ع.، نشاط‌دوست، ح. ط.، و مهرابی، ح. ع. (1396). مقایسه اثربخشی اصلاح سوگیری شناختی تفسیری مثبت، اصلاح سوگیری شناختی مبتنی بر خودزایی و آموزش شناختی رفتاری کامپیوتری بر افسردگی. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی. ۸(۲۹)، ۶۷-45.
                                                                               
Aguglia, E., Biggio, G., Signorelli, M. S., & Mencacci, C. (2014). Italian study on depressive disorders (studio italiano malattia depressiva, or stima-d): a nationwide snapshot of the status of treatment for major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry. 47(3), 105-110.
Baddeley, A., Banse, R., Huang, Y., & Page, M. (2012). Working memory and emotion: detecting the hedonic detector. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 24(1), 6-16.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: international universities press.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C., & Mendelson, M. (1961). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Archives of General Psychiatry. 4(6), 561-571.
Blaut, A., Paulewicz, B., Szastok, M., Prochwicz, K., & Koster, E. (2013). Are attentional bias and memory bias for negative words causally related? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 44(3), 293-299.
Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (eds.) (2009). Handbook of depression. (2 th ed.). New York: Guilford press.
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010). Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 6, 285-312.
Haeffel, G. J., Rozek, D. C., Hames, J. L., & Technow, J. (2012). Too much of a good thing: testing the efficacy of a cognitive bias modification task for cognitively vulnerable individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 36, 493-501.
Harvey, P. O., Fossati, P., Pochon, J. B., levy, R., Lebastard, G., Lehéricy, S., & et al. (2005). Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: an fmri study using the n-back task. Neuroimage. 26(3), 860-869.
Joorman, J., Waugh, C. E., Gotlip, I. H. (2015). Cognitive bias modification for interpretation in major depression: effect on memory and stress reactivity. Clin Psychol Sci. Jan 1. 3(1), 126-139.
Joorman, M. Yoon, K. L., & Siemer, M. (2010). Cognition and emotion regulation. Emotion regulation and psychopathology. New York, ny: guilford press, 174-123. [google scholar]
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Selective attention to emotional faces following recovery from depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology Copyright. 116(1), 80-85.
Kolb, B., & Gibb, R. (1999). Brain plasticity and behaviour in the developing brain. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolesceent Psychiatry. 20(4), 265-276.
Kruijt, A., Putman, P., & Van der does, W. (2012). The effects of a visual search attentional bias modification paradigm on attentional bias in dysphoric individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 44(2), 248-254.
Lang, T. J., Mouldsb, M. L., & Holmes, E. A. (2009). Reducing depressive intrusions via a computerized cognitive bias modification of appraisals task: developing a cognitive vaccine. Behavior Research and Therapy. 47(2), 139-145.
Lee Pea, M. Koval. P., & Kuppens. P. (2012). Executive well-being: updating of positive stimuli in working memory is associated with subjective well-being. Cognition. 126(2), 335-40.
Lee, T., Liu, H., Wai, Y., Ko, H., & Lee, S. (2013). Abnormal neural activity in partially remitted late-onset depression: an fmri study of one-back working memory task. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 213(2), 133-141.
Levens, S. M. & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Updating positive and negative stimuli in working memory in depression. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 139(4), 654-664.
Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). The effects of optimism and pessimism on updating emotional information in working memory. Cognition and Emotion. 26(2), 341-350.
Lissnyder, E. D., Koster, E., & Raedt, R. (2012). Emotional interference in working memory is related to rumination. Cogn Ther Res. 36(4), 348-357.
Mathews, A., & Macleod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 1,167-195.
Ridout, N., Astell, A. J., Glen, T., Reid, I., & O’carrol, R. (2010). Memory bias for emotional facial expression in major depression. Cognition and emotion.
Robinaugh, D. Crane, M., Enock, P. H., & Mcnally, R. (2015). Training the removal of negative information from working memory: a preliminary investigation of a working memory bias modification task. Cognition and Emotion. 30(3), 570-581.
Rohrbacher, H., Blackwell, S. E., Holmes, A. A., & Reinecke, A. (2014). Optimizing the ingredients for imagery-based interpretation bias modification for depressed mood: is self-generation more effective than imagination alone? Journal of Affective Disorders. 152-154, 212-218.
Rude, S. S., Wenzlaff, R. M., Gibbs, B., Vane, J., & Whitney, T. (2002). Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition & Emotion. 16(3), 423-440.
Sadock, B., Sadock, V., & Ruiz, P. (2017). Kaplan and sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: wolters kluwer.
Shelton, J. T., Elliott, E. M., Hill, B. D., Calamia, M. R., & Gouvier, W. D. (2009). A comparison of laboratory and clinical working memory tests and their prediction of fluid intelligence. Intelligence. 37(3), 283-293.
Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (2001). Cognitive rehabilitation: integrative neuropsychological approach. New York: Guilford press.
Taylor, J. L., & John, C. H. (2004). Attentional and memory bias in persecutory delusions and depression. Psychopathology. 37(5), 233-241.
Trivedi, M. H., Rush, A. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Warden, D., et al. (2006). Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in star*d: implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry.163(1), 28-40.
Watkins, P. C., Vache, K., Verney, S. P., Muller, S., & Mathews, A. (1996). Unconscious mood-congruent memory bias in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 105(1), 34-41.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). The Wiley series in clinical psychology. Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. John Wiley & Sons.
Williams, A. D., O’moore, K., Blackwell, S. E., Smith, J., Holmes, E. A., & Andrews, G. (2015). Positive imagery cognitive bias modification (cbm) and internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (icbt): a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 178, 131-141.