The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Relationship between Perceived Social Support and the Impact of Home Quarantine for Patients with Covid-19

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan. Rasht, Iran

2 Department of Psychology , Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

This study aims to examine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived social support and the impact of a forced home quarantine event for patients with Covid-19. This study is basic, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational. The statistical population consists of men and women aged 18 and over with Covid-19 who were undergoing home quarantine nationwide. From these individuals, 240 samples were selected for a structural model using the purposive nonprobability method. The time of implementation of the study was January 2021, coinciding with the third wave of the disease in Iran. The instruments were the Short Form of Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF), the Revised Event Impact Scale (IES-R), and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS). To collect information, questionnaires were created online and sent to participants through cyberspace. Data was analyzed using Pearson moment correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling technique with SPSS version 22 and AMOS software, and to test the significance of indirect paths, bootstrap analysis was used according to Macro Preacher and Hayes (2008). The results showed the significance of the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived social support and the impact of the home quarantine event on patients (p < 0.01). The results indicated that self-compassion could mediate the corresponding effect of social support to reduce the impact of home quarantine. Therefore, health professionals should prescribe self-compassion guidelines for psychological self-care to all people, especially the ill, during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Keywords

References

امیدیان، م.، و اسماعیل‌پور اشکفتکی، م. (1399). پیش‌بینی حمایت اجتماعی دانشجویان براساس مؤلفه‌های سرمایۀ اجتماعی و سرمایۀ روان‌شناختی در بحران همه‌گیری کرونا. پژوهش‌های روان‌شناسی اجتماعی. 39(10)، 179-163.
ایزدی، ن.، و سجادیان، ا. (1395). رابطۀ سازگاری زناشویی و استرس مرتبط با ناباروری: نقش میانجیگری شفقت خود و خودقضاوتی. نشریۀ روان‌پرستاری. 2(5)، 21-15.
پناغی، ل.، حکیم‌شوشتری، م.، و عطاری مقدم، ج. (1385). اعتباریابی نسخۀ فارسی مقیاس تجدیدنظریافتۀ تأثیر حوادث. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران. ۶۴ (۳)، 60-52.
جوادی، س. م. ح.، مرسا، ر.، و رحمانی، ف. (1399). میزان شیوع و عوامل خطرساز اختلال استرس پس از سانحه (PTSD) در طول پاندمی‌شدن بیماری COVID-19 در ایران. مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران (ویژه‌نامۀ کووید-19). 26(3)، 399-394.
حسنی، ج.، و پاسدار، ک. (1396). بررسی ساختار عاملی تأییدی، روایی و پایایی نسخۀ فارسی مقیاس خودشفقتی در دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1392. مجلۀ علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان. 16(8)، 742-727.
رضائی، س.، ثامنی‌توسروندانی، آ.، و زبردست، ع. (1399). تأثیر قرنطینۀ خانگی ناشی از پاندمی کروناویروس (COVID-19) بر استرس والدین و رابطۀ آن با اضطراب و افسردگی کودکان گیلانی. مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران (ویژه‌نامۀ کووید-19). 26(3)، 280-293.
رضوانی، ف.، وزیری، ش.، و لطفی‌کاشانی، ف. (1398). تدوین مدل ساختاری استرس ناباروری براساس طرح‌واره‌های هیجانی، تعارض زوجین، شفقت بر خود با میانجیگری حمایت اجتماعی. نشریۀ روان‌پرستاری. 7(4)، 83-75.
سلیمی، ع.، جوکار، ب.، و نیک‌پور، ر. (1388). ارتباطات اینترنتی در زندگی: بررسی نقش ادراک حمایت اجتماعی و احساس تنهایی در استفاده از اینترنت. مطالعات روان‌شناختی. 3، 102-81.
شهشهانی، م. (1399). اهمیت توجه به انگ اجتماعی پس از ابتلا به کروناویروس (کووید-19). مجلۀ دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان. 19(6)، 657-659.
مرادی‌کلارده، س.، آقاجانی، س.، قاسمی‌جوبنه، ر.، و بهاروند، ا. (1398). نقش خودشناسی انسجامی، اجتناب تجربی و شفقت خود در اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان دختر. نشریۀ راهبردهای آموزش در علوم پزشکی. 12(1)، 115-111.
Alizadeh, S., Khanahmadi, S., Vedadhir, A., & Barjasteh, S. (2018). The relationship between resilience with self-compassion, social support and sense of belonging in women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 19(9), 2469–2474.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet Psychiatry. 395(14), 912-920.
Cénat, J. M., Mukunzi, J. N., Noorishad, P. G., Rousseau, C., Derivois, D., & Bukaka, J. (2020). A systematic review of mental health programs among populations affected by the Ebola virus disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131, 109966.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis.
Psychological Bullion. 98(2), 310-357.
Finlay-Jones, A. L., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2015). Self-compassion, emotion regulation and stress among Australian psychologists: Testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling. PloS One. 10(7), e0133481.
Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PloS One. 15(4), e0231924.
Germer, C., & Neef, k. (2020). 10 self-Compassion practices to help you cope with the coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved February 24, 2021, from https://www.guilford.com/add/10_SC_Practices_for_the_coronavirus.pdf?t
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 18(2), 1–14.
Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (2020). Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: a systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. Epidemiology and Health. 42, e2020038.
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research. 288, 112954.
Kang, J. (2013). Instrumental social support, material hardship, personal control and neglectful parenting. Children and Youth Services Review. 35(9), 1366-73.
Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., Uğuz, F., & Türkmen, O. O. (2020). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 23(Supp 1), 15-23.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Data preparation and psychometrics review. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed., pp. 64-96). New York. NY: Guilford.
Liu, R. T., Hernandez, E. M., Trout, Z. M., Kleiman, E. M., & Bozzay, M. L. (2017). Depression, social support, and long-term risk for Coronary heart disease in a 13-year longitudinal epidemiological study. Psychiatry Research. 251(5), 36-40.
Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J., …, & Wu, P. (2012). Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the serve acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 53(1), 15-23.
Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. Y., & MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 9(4), 1011-1027.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2012). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. United States. SAGE Publications.
Mishra, S. (2020). Social networks, social capital, social support and academic
success in higher education: A systematic review with a special focus
on‘underrepresented’ students. Educational Research Review. 29, 100307.
Mohammadpour, M., Ghorbani, V., Khoramnia, S., Ahmadi, S. M., Ghvami, M., & Maleki, M. (2020). Anxiety, self-compassion, gender differences and COVID-19: Predicting self-care behaviors and fear of covid-19 based on anxiety and self-compassion with an emphasis on gender differences. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 15(3), 213–219.
Muris, P., & Petrocchi, N. (2017). Protection or vulnerability? A meta-analysis of the relations between the positive and negative components of self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 24(2), 373–383.
Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development. 52(4), 211–214.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 5(1), 1-12.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial
of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology.
69(1), 28-44.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods. 40(3), 879-891.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 18(3), 250-255.
Schwarzer, R., & Knoll, N. (2007). Functional roles of social support within the
stress and coping process: a theoretical and empirical overview. International
Journal of Psychology. 42(4), 252-243.
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 74(4), 281-282.
Shultz, J. M., Baingana, F., & Neria, Y. (2015). The 2014 Ebola outbreak and mental health: Current status and recommended response. JAMA. 313(6), 567–568.
Smeets, E., Neff, K. D., Alberts, H., & Peters, M. (2014). Meeting suffering with
kindness: Effects of a brief self-compassion intervention for female college
students. Perspective Psychiatry Research. 190(1), 72–78.
Teo, T., & Noyes, J. (2014). Explaining the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: A multi-group analysis of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Interactive Learning Environments. 22(1), 51-66.
Wang, Y., Xu, B., Zhao, G., Coa, R., He, X., & Fu, S. (2011). Is quarantine related to immediate negative psychological consequences during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic? General Hospital Psychiatry. 33(1), 75-77.
Weiss, D., & Marmar, C. (1997). The impact of Event Scale-Revised. W: Wilson, J., & Keane, T. (red.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A handbook for practitioners. New York: Guildford Press. 399-411.
 World Health Organization. (2020a). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 22. Retrieved February 10, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus.
World Health Organization. (2020b). A guide to preventing and
addressing social stigma associated with COVID-19.
Retrieved February 24, 2020, from
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/a-guide-topreventing-and-addressing-social stigma-associatedwith-covid-19.
Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of
social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in
China. Clinical Research. 26, e923549.
Yadav, S. (2010). Perceived social support, hope, and quality of life of persons living with HIV/AIDS: A case study from Nepal. Quality of Life Research. 19(2), 157-66.
 
Zhang, W. R., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W. F., Xue, Q., Peng, M., ..., & Wang, H. X. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 89(4), 242-250.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment. 52(1), 30-41.
 
 
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 12, Issue 2
September 2021
Pages 211-228

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 24 February 2021
  • Revise Date: 09 March 2021
  • Accept Date: 25 April 2021
  • First Publish Date: 11 July 2021
  • Publish Date: 23 August 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics