The Effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy Using the “Hold Me Tight” Method on Attachment Styles, Marital Adjustment and Sexual Intimacy

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 1. Msc., Department of Psychology and counselling, Adiban Institute of Higher Education, Garmasar, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Karaj Islamic Azad University (KIAU), Karaj, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy using the "Hold Me Tight" method on attachment styles, marital adjustment, and sexual intimacy during the first five years of marriage. This research was conducted in terms of purpose and semi-experimental methodology in the form of pretest-posttest follow-up. The statistical population of this study included urban couples in 2020.Thirty-five couples agreed to participate in the study and were randomly divided into an experimental and a control group. Couples training consisted of 4 sessions of 4 hours each over 4 consecutive weeks. The measurement instruments were the Revised Adult Attachment Scale Collins and Reed (RAAS), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale Spinner (DAS), and the Standard Sexual Intimacy Questionnaire (SSIQ) of Botlani et al. For data analysis, the mixed method analysis was used with SPSS software version 24. In the present study, the interactive effect of time group on secure attachment style (P=0.001, F=10.87), ambivalent attachment style (P=0.011, F=5.80), dyadic satisfaction (P=0.002, F=8.06), dyadic correlation (P=0.001, F=7.92), and sexual intimacy (P=0.014, F=4.47) was significant. The results of the present study indicate that emotionally focused couples therapy using the Hold Me Tight method improves secure and ambivalent/anxious attachment styles and sexual intimacy in couples.

Keywords


بطلانی، س.، احمدی، س.، بهرامی، ف.، شاه‌سیاه، م.، و محبی، س. (1389). تأثیر زوج‌درمانی مبتنی بر نظریۀ دلبستگی بر رضایت و صمیمیت جنسی زوجین. اصول بهداشت روانی. 2(48)، 505-496.
پورقناد، م. (1397). اثربخشی برنامۀ زوج‌درمانی گروهی مبتنی بر رویکرد هیجان‌مدار «مرا محکم بگیر» بر چرخۀ ارتباطی تقاضا-کناره‌گیری. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد مشاورۀ خانواده. دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران.
حسینی حسین‌آباد، س. ف.، غباری بناب، ب.، مشایخ، م.، سوداگر، ش.، و فرخی، ن. (1397). پیش‌بینی سازگاری زناشویی بر پایۀ سبک‌های دلبستگی. مجلۀ تحقیقات سلامت. 7(3)، 154-147.
شهولی، ک.، و رضایی‌فر، س. (1390). بررسی علل ناسازگاری و طلاق در خانواده‌های شهرستان ایذه. جامعه‌پژوهی فرهنگی. 2(1)، 138-113.
صاحبی بزاز، ل.، سودانی، م.، و مهرابی‌زاده، م. (1398). اثربخشی درمان هیجان‌مدار بر تحمل ناکامی و سازگاری زناشویی زوج‌های مراجعه‌کننده به مرکز مشاورۀ شرکت نفت. مجلۀ پیشرفت‌های نوین در علوم رفتاری. 4(34)، 83-59.
علی‌اکبری دهکردی، م.، حیدری‌نسب، ل.، و کیقبادی، ش. (1392). رابطۀ عملکرد جنسی با سازگاری زناشویی در زنان متأهل. روان‌شناسی بالینی و شخصیت (دانشور رفتار). 20(8)، 98-87.
فرهادی، م.، محققی، ح.، و نسائی‌مقدم، ب. (1399). رابطۀ بین سبک‌های دلبستگی با مشکلات بین‌شخصی دانشجویان: نقش میانجی هوش هیجانی. مجلۀ علوم پزشکی رازی. 27(1)، 84-73.
فرهادیان، ف. (1395). اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های جنسی بر رضایت زناشویی و صمیمیت جنسی زنان. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد مشاورۀ خانواده. دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
قربان‌پور لفمجانی، ا.، دهقان، ف.، کریمی، ف.، و رضایی، س. (1398). نقش سبک‌های دلبستگی، سبک‌های عشق‌ورزی و ابرازگری هیجانی در پیش‌بینی شادکامی معلمان متأهل. پژوهشنامۀ روان‌شناسی مثبت. 5(4)، 34-15.
مجیدایی، م. (1396). بررسی نقش تعدیل‌کنندۀ الگوهای ارتباطی زناشویی در رابطۀ بین صمیمیت جنسی و شادکامی با رضایت زناشویی زنان پرستاران متأهل. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد مشاورۀ خانواده. دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران.
مدنی، ی.، هاشمی گلپایگانی، ف.، و غلامعلی لواسانی، م. (1395). ارائۀ مدل تلفیقی رویکرد هیجان‌مدار و مدل گاتمن و اثربخشی آن بر احساس تنهایی زنان متأهل. پژوهش‌های مشاوره. 16(62)، 97-80.
ملازاده، ج. (1381). رابطۀ سازگاری زناشویی با عوامل شخصیت و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای در فرزندان شاهد. پایان‌نامۀ دکتری روان‌شناسی. دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
References
Ahmed, F., & Iqbal, H. (2019). Self-silencing and marital adjustment in women with and without depression. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 34(2), 311-330.
Alder, M. C., Yorgason, J. B., Sandberg, J. G., & Davis, S. (2018). Perceptions of parents’ marriage predicting marital satisfaction: The moderating role of attachment behaviors. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 17(2), 146-164.
Baumann, M., Bigras, N., Paradis, A., & Godbout, N. (2020). It’s good to have you: The moderator role of relationship satisfaction in the link between child sexual abuse and sexual difficulties. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 47(1), 1-15.
Braunstein-Bercovitz, H. (2014). Self-criticism, anxious attachment, and avoidant attachment as predictors of career decision making. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(1), 176-187.
Carlson, D. L., Hanson, S., & Fitzroy, A. (2016). The division of child care, sexual intimacy, and relationship quality in couples. Gender & Society, 30(3), 442-466.
Cave, E. M. (2019). Lib eralism, civil marriage, and amorous caregiving dyads. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 36(1), 50-72.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663.
Conradi, H. J., Dingemanse, P., Noordhof, A., Finkenauer, C., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2018). Effectiveness of the ‘hold me tight’ relationship enhancement program in a self-referred and a clinician-referred sample: An emotionally focused couples therapy-based approach. Family Process, 57(3), 613-628.
Consoli, N., Wagner, B. J., & Marin, A. H. (2018). Laços de afeto: as repercussões do estilo de apego primário e estabelecido entre casais no ajustamento conjugal. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 36(2), 315-329.
Curran, M., Ogolsky, B., Hazen, N., & Bosch, L. (2011). Understanding marital conflict 7 years later from prenatal representations of marriage. Family Process, 50(2), 221-234.
Debbané, M. (2019). 3-Attachment and mentalization in contemporary psychodynamic psychotherapy. In D. Kealy & J. S. Ogrodniczuk (Eds.), Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (pp. 33-45): Academic Press London, UK.
Deitz, S. L., Anderson, J. R., Johnson, M. D., Hardy, N. R., Zheng, F., & Liu, W. (2015). Young romance in China: Effects of family, attachment, relationship confidence, and problem solving. Personal Relationships, 22(2), 243-258.
Field, A. (2012). Discovering Statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.
Fisher, A. R., Stokey, M. F., Sasaki, H. M., & Sexton, T. L. (2014). When It Helps, When It Hurts: Preliminary Results of Relationship Enhancement Education and The Hold Me Tight Program. Sience Research, 5(10), 1254-1259.
Gottman, J. M., & Gottmann, J. S. (2008). Gottman method couple therapy. In A. S.
Hamilton, A. A. (2020). Attachment Style, Perceptions and Relationship Satisfaction: Does Perceived Similarities Increase Relationship Satisfaction. [Doctoral Dissertation, Dotoral of Psychology, Adler University]. ProQuest.
Hertlein, K., Timm, T. M., & D'Aniello, C. (2020). Integrating Couple Therapy into Work with Sexual Dysfunctions. In The Handbook of Systemic Family Therapy (pp. 363-383). New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Imhoff, C. N. (2019). Created for Connection: The Impact of a Faith-Based Christian Marriage Enrichment Program. Theses and Dissertations [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Arkansas, Rehabilitation, Human Resources and Communication Disorders Department]. Philosophy in Counselor Education Degree.
Johnson, S. (2008). Hold me tight: Seven conversations for a lifetime of love. Little, Brown Spark. 
Johnson, S. (2011). Hold me tight: your guide to the most successful approach to building loving relationships. Hachette UK. 
Johnson, S. (2019). Attachment in action—changing the face of 21st century couple therapy. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25(1), 101-104.
Johnson, S., & Sanderfer, K. (2016). Created for connection: The “hold me tight” guide for Christian couples. UK: Hachette.
Kennedy, N., Johnson, S. M., Wiebe, S. A., Willett, J. B., & Tasca, G. A. (2019). Conversations for Connection: An Outcome Assessment of the Hold-Me-Tight Relationship-Education Program, and Recommendations for Improving Future Research Methodology in Relationship Education. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 45(3), 431-446.
Khan, S. (2018). Improving intimate relationships: an exploratory study on outcomes for couples participating in the Hold Me Tight program [Doctoral Dissertation of Psychology, The State University of the New Jersey]. RUTGERS.
Kuhn, R., Milek, A., Meuwly, N., Bradbury, T. N., & Bodenmann, G. (2017). Zooming in: A microanalysis of couples' dyadic coping conversations after experimentally induced stress. Journal of family psychology: JFP: journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 31(8), 1063–1073.
Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., & Bastos, A. (2010). Adjustment to divorce and co-parental relations: Contributions from the theory of attachment. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23(3), 562-574.
Levert-Levitt, E., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2015). Integrated Attachment Theory. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition) (pp. 228-234). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Lynch, L. E. (2015). Couples coping with cancer: A Hold me tight pilot intervention study. Doctoral Dissertation, Doctoral of Philosopy Drexel University. Idea: Drexel Libraries E-Repository and archivepa.
Mark, K. P., Vowels, L. M., & Murray, S. H. (2018). The impact of attachment style on sexual satisfaction and sexual desire in a sexually diverse sample. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(5), 450-458.
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2002). Attachment security in couple relationships: a systemic model and its implications for family dynamics. Family Process, 41(3), 405-434.
Mir, M. S., Wani, M. A., & Sankar, R. (2016). Marital adjustment among love marriage and arranged marriage couples. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(3), 51-56.
Morgis, B. L., Ewing, E. S. K., Liu, T., Slaughter-Acey, J., Fisher, K., & Jampol, R. (2019). A hold me tight workshop for couple attachment and sexual intimacy. Contemporary Family Therapy, 41(4), 368-383.
Najafi, M., Soleimani, A. A., Ahmadi, K., Javidi, N., & Kamkar, E. H. (2015). The effectiveness of emotionally focused therapy on enhancing marital adjustment and quality of life among infertile couples with marital conflicts. International Journal of fertility & Sterility, 9(2), 238-246.
Péloquin, K., Brassard, A., Lafontaine, M.-F., & Shaver, P. R. (2014). Sexuality examined through the lens of attachment theory: attachment, caregiving, and sexual satisfaction. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(5), 561-576.
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Beck, L. A. (2015). Attachment processes in adult romantic relationships. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, J. A. Simpson, & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Vol. 3. Interpersonal relations (p. 33–64). American Psychological Association Publishing. Washangton.
Rajput Nitu, R. (2017). Marital adjustment and happiness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 5(1), 116-123.
Refahi, Z. (2016). Relation between attachment styles and marital conflicts through the mediation of demographic variables in couples. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 5(11), 643-652.
Sandberg, J. G., Novak, J. R., Davis, S. Y., & Busby, D. M. (2016). The brief accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement scale: A tool for measuring attachment behaviors in clinical couples. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(1), 106-122.
Siegel, A., Levin, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2019). The role of attachment of each partner on marital adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 40(4), 415-434.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measurement dyadic adjustment: New scale for assessing. The quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28.
Stavraianopoulos, K., Faller, G., & Furrow, J. L. (2014). Emotionally Focused Family Therapy: Facilitating change within a family system. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 13(1), 25–43.
Stavrianopoulos, K. (2015). Enhancing relationship satisfaction among college student couples: An emotionally focused therapy (EFT) approach. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 14(1), 1-16.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th Ed). New York: Pearson.
Tidwell, B. L., Larson, E. D., & Bentley, J. A. (2020). Attachment Security and Continuing Bonds: The Mediating Role of Meaning-Made in Bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-18.
Van Lankveld, J., Jacobs, N., Thewissen, V., Dewitte, M., & Verboon, P. (2018). The associations of intimacy and sexuality in daily life: Temporal dynamics and gender effects within romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(4), 557-576.
Walsh, F. (2016). Visões clínicas de normalidade, saúde e disfunção familiar. In F. Walsh (Org.), Processos normativos da família: diversidade e complexidade (4a. ed., pp.57-77). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Wiebe, S., & Johnson, S. (2016). A review of the research in emotionally focused therapy for couples. Family Process, 55(3), 390-407.
Wiebe, S., Johnson, S., Lafontaine, M.-F., Moser, M., Dalgleish, T., & Tasca, G. (2016). Two-year follow-up outcomes in emotionally focused couple therapy: An investigation of relationship satisfaction and attachment trajectories. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(2), 227-244.
Wiebe, S. A., Elliott, C., Johnson, S. M., Burgess Moser, M., Dalgleish, T. L., Lafontaine, M.-F., & Tasca, G. A. (2019). Attachment Change in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy and Sexual Satisfaction Outcomes in a Two-year Follow-up Study. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 18(1), 1-21.
Wong, T.-Y., Greenman, P. S., & Beaudoin, V. (2018). “Hold me tight”: The generalizability of an attachment-based group intervention to Chinese-Canadian couples. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 17(1), 42-60.
Yoo, H., Bartle-Haring, S., Day, R. D., & Gangamma, R. (2014). Couple communication, emotional and sexual intimacy, and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40(4), 275-293.
Zakhirehdari, N., Navabinejad, S., & Koraei, A. (2019). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy on improving marriage performance and marital intimacy of couples. Medial Science, 97(23), 290-293.
Zeytinoglu‐Saydam, S., & Nino, A. (2019). A tool for connection: using the person‐of‐the‐therapist training (POTT) model in emotionally focused couple therapy supervision. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 45(2), 233– 243.
 
 
Volume 13, Issue 1
2022
Pages 363-387
  • Receive Date: 01 February 2021
  • Revise Date: 30 May 2021
  • Accept Date: 19 June 2021
  • First Publish Date: 22 May 2022
  • Publish Date: 22 May 2022