Differential Forecast of Pornography Addiction: Originating in Shame and Pathological Narcissism

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Allameh Tabatabai , Tehran. Iran.

2 Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Allameh Tabatabai , Tehran, Iran

Abstract

This study aimed to forcast the differentiation of pornography addiction based on feelings of shame and pathological narcissism in Tehran city in Iran. The research approach had a practical aim and correlational data collecting. The population of the study was all men above 18 in Tehran city in 2020-2021. Among them, 200 samples (100 people addicted to pornography and 100 people did not addict to pornography) were selected voluntarily via the internet. The research tools were Pornography Problem Consumption Scale (PPCS), Fear of Guilt and Shame (GASP) Scale, and Narcissism (MTNS) Scale. The discriminant analysis and SPSS-26 software was used for analyzing data. The results demonstrated that the ability to feel shame and pathological narcissism has a positive relation in predicting pornography addiction. They can predict the group membership of men with pornography addiction and without pornography addiction. Moreover, it can be concluded that with the increase of shame and pathological narcissism of people, their use of pornography increases. It can be advised to therapists and counselors who have clinicians exposed to pornography and, more generally, sexually addictive behaviors, pay special attention to the embarrassment and narcissism experienced and the personality type of these individuals.
 
 

Keywords

References

آزاد ارمکی، ت.، شریفی ساعی، م. ح.، ایثاری، م.، و طالبی، س. (1390). سنخ‌شناسی الگوهای روابط جنسی پیش از ازدواج در ایران. جامعه‌پژوهی فرهنگی. 2(2)، 34-1.
جوکار، ب.، و کمالی، ف. (1394). بررسی رابطۀ معنویت و احساس شرم و گناه. فصلنامۀ فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامی. 1(14)، 21-3.
سیدهاشمی، س. ق.، حسین‌زاده، ش.، و حسین‌آبادی، م. (1398). درستی‌آزمایی و قابلیت اعتماد نسخۀ فارسی مقیاس استفادۀ مشکل‌زا از پورنوگرافی در میان کاربران سایت‌های شبکه‌های اجتماعی. مجلۀ علوم روان‌شناختی. 18(75)، 372-363.
قربانی، ن.، و واتسن، پی. جی. (1385). بررسی خودشیفتگی ناسالم در نمونه‌ای از دانشجویان ایرانی و آمریکایی. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی معاصر. 1(1)، 28-20.
مختاری، م.، و ملک‌احمدی، ح. (1396). هرزه‌نگاری و فراواقعیت؛ مطالعۀ کیفی تجارب کاربران ایرانی در استفاده از محصولات هرزه‌نگاری. فصلنامۀ راهبرد فرهنگ. 10(38)، 99-71.
هاشمی، س.، درتاج، ف.، سعدی‌پور، ا.، و اسدزاده، ح. (1396). الگوی ساختاری احساسات شرم و گناه براساس شیوه‌های فرزندپروری والدین: نقش واسطه‌ای سبک‌های دلبستگی. فصلنامۀ علمی-پژوهشی روان‌شناسی کاربردی. 4(44)، 493-475.
References
آزاد ارمکی، ت.، شریفی ساعی، م. ح.، ایثاری، م.، و طالبی، س. (1390). سنخ‌شناسی الگوهای روابط جنسی پیش از ازدواج در ایران. جامعه‌پژوهی فرهنگی. 2(2)، 34-1.
جوکار، ب.، و کمالی، ف. (1394). بررسی رابطۀ معنویت و احساس شرم و گناه. فصلنامۀ فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامی. 1(14)، 21-3.
سیدهاشمی، س. ق.، حسین‌زاده، ش.، و حسین‌آبادی، م. (1398). درستی‌آزمایی و قابلیت اعتماد نسخۀ فارسی مقیاس استفادۀ مشکل‌زا از پورنوگرافی در میان کاربران سایت‌های شبکه‌های اجتماعی. مجلۀ علوم روان‌شناختی. 18(75)، 372-363.
قربانی، ن.، و واتسن، پی. جی. (1385). بررسی خودشیفتگی ناسالم در نمونه‌ای از دانشجویان ایرانی و آمریکایی. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی معاصر. 1(1)، 28-20.
مختاری، م.، و ملک‌احمدی، ح. (1396). هرزه‌نگاری و فراواقعیت؛ مطالعۀ کیفی تجارب کاربران ایرانی در استفاده از محصولات هرزه‌نگاری. فصلنامۀ راهبرد فرهنگ. 10(38)، 99-71.
هاشمی، س.، درتاج، ف.، سعدی‌پور، ا.، و اسدزاده، ح. (1396). الگوی ساختاری احساسات شرم و گناه براساس شیوه‌های فرزندپروری والدین: نقش واسطه‌ای سبک‌های دلبستگی. فصلنامۀ علمی-پژوهشی روان‌شناسی کاربردی. 4(44)، 493-475.
Akhtar, S. (2009). Love, sex, and marriage in the setting of pathological narcissism. Psychiatric Annals, 39(4), 185-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090401-01
Bőthe, B., Koós, M., Tóth-Király, I., Orosz, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). Investigating the associations of adult ADHD symptoms, hypersexuality, and problematic pornography use among men and women on a largescale, non-clinical sample. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(4), 489-499.
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2020). The short version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS-6): A reliable and valid measure in general and treatment-seeking populations. The Journal of Sex Research, 27(5), 1-11.
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2018). The development of the problematic pornography consumption scale (PPCS). The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 395-406.
Buffardi, L. E. (2011). Narcissism and the World Wide Web. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (pp. 371–381). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Carboneau, R. (2018). Religiosity, moral disapproval, shame and pornography use: Assessing the relationship between shame and sexual behaviors. PhD Dissertation. Philosophy. Faculty of Psychology, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA.
Chisholm, M., & Gall, T. L. (2015). Shame and the X-rated addiction: The role of spirituality in treating male pornography addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 22(4), 259-272.
Cohen, T. R., Wolf, S. T., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2011). Introducing the GASP scale: a new measure of guilt and shame proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 947-966.
Dearing, R. L., Stuewig, J., & Tangney, J. P. (2005). On the importance of distinguishing shame from guilt: Relations to problematic alcohol and drug use. Addictive behaviors, 30(7), 1392-1404.
Efrati, Y., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2020). Are adolescents who consume pornography different from those who engaged in online sexual activities?. Children and Youth Services Review, 111(2020), 104843.
Flanagan, O. (2013). The shame of addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4(120), 1-11.
Ganji, J., Emamian, M. H., Maasoumi, R., Keramat, A., & Khoei, E. M. (2017). The existing approaches to sexuality education targeting children: A review article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(7), 890-898.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Hamzavy, F., & Weathington, B. L. (2010). Self-knowledge and narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 29(2), 135-143.
Gilliland, R., South, M., Carpenter, B. N., & Hardy, S. A. (2011). The roles of shame and guilt in hypersexual behavior. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18(1), 12-29.
Grubbs, J. B., Volk, F., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Internet pornography use: Perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(1), 83-106.
Jonason, P. K., Girgis, M., & Milne-Home, J. (2017). The exploitive mating strategy of the Dark Triad traits: Tests of rape-enabling attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 697-706.
Jonason, P. K., Koenig, B. L., & Tost, J. (2010). Living a fast life. The Dark Triad and life history theory. Human Nature, 21(4), 428-442.
Kasper, T. E., Short, M. B., & Milam, A. C. (2015). Narcissism and Internet pornography use. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(5), 481-486.
Kraus, S. W., Meshberg-Cohen, S., Martino, S., Quinones, L. J., & Potenza, M. N. (2015). Treatment of compulsive pornography use with naltrexone: A case report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(12), 1260-1261.
Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., & Reynoso, J. S. (2011). A historical review of narcissism and narcissistic personality. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (pp. 3–13). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Margolis, H. D., & Thomas, V. A. (1980). The measurement of narcissism in adolescents with and without behavioral and emotional disabilities. Unpublished Master's Dissertation. Psychology. United States International University, San Diego, CA.
Muris, P., Otgaar, H., Meesters, C., Papasileka, E., & Pineda, D. (2020). The Dark Triad and Honesty-Humility: A Preliminary Study on the Relations to Pornography Use. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 5(1), 3-22.
Perry, S. L. (2020). Is the link between pornography use and relational happiness really more about masturbation? Results from two national surveys. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 64-76.
Petrican, R., Burris, C. T., & Moscovitch, M. (2015). Shame, sexual compulsivity, and eroticizing flirtatious others: an experimental study. The Journal of Sex Research, 52(1), 98-109.
Picone, D. E. (2015). The relationship of shame, guilt, and religiousness to pornography use. PhD Dissertation. Clinical Psychology. Faculty of Psychology, Liberty University, USA.
Pornhub.com. (2019). The 2019 year in review. Retrieved December 11, 2019, from https://
www.pornhub.com/insights/2019-year-in-review.
Pornhub.com. (2020). Coronavirus insights. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://www.pornhub.com/insights/corona-virus.
Postober.com. (2015). Top 10 Countries That Watch The Most Porn. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from https://www.postober.com/2015/01/17/top-10-countries-that-watch-the-most-porn/
Randles, D., & Tracy, J. L. (2013). Nonverbal displays of shame predict relapse and declining health in recovering alcoholics. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(2), 149-155.
Reid, R. C. (2010). Differentiating emotions in a patient sample of hypersexual men. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 10(2), 197-221.
Reid, R. C., Temko, J., Moghaddam, J. F., & Fong, T. W. (2014). Shame, rumination, and self-compassion in men assessed for hypersexual disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 20(4), 260-268.
Riemersma, J., & Sytsma, M. (2013). A new generation of sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 20(4), 306-322.
Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). The nature and dynamics of Internet pornography exposure for youth. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 691-693.
Sniewski, L., & Farvid, P. (2020). Hidden in shame: Heterosexual men’s experiences of self-perceived problematic pornography use. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(2), 201-213.
Vitz, P. (2012). Harmful psychological effects of common sexual practices. In A. Kennedy (Ed.), Celibacy and the priesthood: Divine gift and cultural anomaly, (pp. 107–124). Boston, MA: Satin Botolph Press.
Volk, F., Thomas, J., Sosin, L., Jacob, V., & Moen, C. (2016). Religiosity, developmental context, and sexual shame in pornography users: A serial mediation model. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23(2-3), 244-259.
Wéry, A., Vogelaere, K., Challet-Bouju, G., Poudat, F. X., Caillon, J., Lever, D., ... & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2016). Characteristics of self-identified sexual addicts in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 623-630.
Widman, L., & McNulty, J. K. (2010). Sexual narcissism and the perpetration of sexual aggression. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(4), 926-939.
Widman, L., & McNulty, J. K. (2011). Narcissism and sexuality. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments, (pp. 351–359). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Willoughby, B. J., Busby, D. M., & Young-Petersen, B. (2019). Understanding associations between personal definitions of pornography, using pornography, and depression. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16(3), 342-356.
Wilson, P. J. (2018). The porn retreat: Narcissism and adolescence. Psychodynamic Practice, 24(3), 235-244.
Wood, H. (2011). The internet and its role in the escalation of sexually compulsive behaviour. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 25(2), 127-142.
Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017). Pornography consumption and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 43(3), 315-343.
Zara, A., & Özdemir, B. (2018). God complex: the effects of narcissistic personality on relational and sexual behavior. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(1), 29-36.
 
 
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 13, Issue 4
2022
Pages 157-172

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 July 2021
  • Revise Date: 29 August 2021
  • Accept Date: 02 October 2021
  • First Publish Date: 22 December 2022
  • Publish Date: 22 December 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics