Predictive Model of Life Quality Based on Psychological Resilience and Couple Intimacy, Mediated by Pregnancy Anxiety in Pregnant Women

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.

2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The purpose of the current investigation was to develop a predictive model for quality of life in expectant women based on psychological resilience and couple intimacy, with pregnancy anxiety serving as a mediator. Pathway analysis and descriptive-correlational methods comprised the research design. During the fall and winter of 2019, expectant women who were referred to hygiene centers and gynecologists’ offices in the city of Ahvaz comprised the statistical population. Four hundred expectant women comprised the statistical population; they were selected using a readily available sampling method. Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ), Pregnancy Anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ), Psychological Resilience Questionnaire (PRQ), and Couple Intimacy Questionnaire (CIQ) were among the administered questionnaires. Through the utilization of Bootstrap testing and pathway analysis, the data was analyzed. SPSS version 23 and Amos version 23 were utilized for this purpose. Quality of life is significantly correlated with psychological resilience, couple intimacy, and pregnancy anxiety, according to the findings (p<0.01). Furthermore, it is noteworthy that psychological resilience, couple intimacy, and pregnancy anxiety exert a substantial direct impact on quality of life (p<0.01). Furthermore, the results of the Bootstap test indicated that pregnancy anxiety mediates the relationship between couple intimacy and expectant women’s quality of life and psychological resilience (p<0.01). Finally, the model exhibited a satisfactory level of fit. Given the substantial mediating function of pregnancy anxiety, it is imperative that clinical therapists employ efficacious psychological therapy methods to reduce the anxiety of pregnant women.
 

Keywords


باغی، و.، باغبان کریمی، ا.، جعفری، ح.، و قانعی قشلاق، ر. (1396). پیش‌بینی کیفیت زندگی بیماران مبتلا به فشارخون بالا براساس تاب‌آوری و حمایت اجتماعی. روان‌پرستاری. 5(6)، 29-24. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-981-fa.html
برجسته، س.، و مقدم تبریزی، ف. (1395). بررسی ارتباط بین میزان نگرانی و اضطراب دوران بارداری با حمایت همسر و حمایت اجتماعی. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه. 14(6)، 515-504. http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-2665-fa.html
برزگر، ا.، و سامانی، س. (1395). نقش واسطه‌ای صمیمیت در رابطۀ بین الگوهای ارتباطی و کیفیت زندگی زناشویی. مجلۀ زن و جامعه، 7(26)، 128-115. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1395.7.26.6.2
بشرپور، س.، و طاهری‌فرد، م. (1398). پیش‌بینی اضطراب بارداری زنان حامله براساس سوگیری‌های شناختی و راهبردهای تنظیم هیجان. روان‌پرستاری. 7(2)، 31-24. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1272-fa.html
تریوه، ب.، کریمی، ک.، اکبری، م.، و مرادی، ا. (1399). الگوی ساختاری تعهد زناشویی براساس باورهای ارتباطی زناشویی، درگیری عاطفی و انتقاد در خانواده: نقش میانجی‌گر صمیمیت زناشویی. روان‌شناسی کاربردی. 14(1)، 158-139. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_97304.html
حسین‌پور، ف.، رضایی، ف.، و غلامرضایی، س. (1398). پیش‌بینی ذهن‌آگاهی زنان باردار براساس دشواری در تنظیم هیجانات، استرس ادراک‌شده، اضطراب بارداری و افسردگی. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه. 17(6)، 493-485. http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-3850-fa.html
حسینی‌نیا، ن.، و حاتمی، ح. (1398). پیش‌بینی کیفیت زندگی برمبنای بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و تاب‌آوری در بازنشستگان. دانش و پژوهش در روان‌شناسی کاربردی. 20(1)، 97-81. https://doi.org/10.30486/jsrp.2019.663546
رزم‌پوش، م.، رمضانی، خ.، ماردپور، ع.، و کولیوند، پ. (1397). نقش خودکارآمدی و تاب‌آوری در کیفیت زندگی پرستاران. علوم اعصاب شفای خاتم. 7(1)، 42-34. http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-1857-fa.html
شریفیان، م.، دبیرمقدم، م.، حسن‌زاده پشنگ، س.، و صفاری‌نیا، م. (1393). بررسی اثربخشی آموزش برنامۀ ارتباط زوج‌ها بر کیفیت زندگی و صمیمیت زناشویی زنان ناراضی از زندگی زناشویی شهر تهران. مطالعات روان‌شناختی. 10(3)، 78-47. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2015.1779
شمسی ثانی، م.، و تمنایی‌فر، م. ر. (1396). کیفیت زندگی در بارداری: نقش خودکارآمدی و تاب‌آوری. چهارمین کنفرانس بینالمللی نوآوریهای اخیر در روانشناسی، مشاوره و علوم رفتاری. 22 تیر 1396، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، تهران. https://civilica.com/doc/670033
عباسی، ع.، آقایی، ا.، و ابراهیمی مقدم، ح. (1398). اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی بر تاب‌آوری افراد مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. فصلنامۀ علمی-پژوهشی علوم روان‌شناختی. ۱۸(۷۸)، ۶۹8-۶۹1. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1398.18.78.9.4
فتحی، آ.، و گلک خیبری، س. (1396). بررسی رابطۀ نگرانی‌های دوران بارداری، کیفیت زندگی و افسردگی با سلامت عمومی زنان باردار. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه. 15(12)، 949-939. http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-3233-fa.html
کارآموزیان، م.، عسکری‌زاده، ق.، و بهروزی، ن. (1395). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامۀ اضطراب بارداری. مجلۀ بالینی و مامایی. 5(4)، 34-22. http://78.39.35.47/article-1-589-fa.html
کریم‌پور، ج. (1394). اثربخشی برنامۀ کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی (MBSR) بر کیفیت زندگی، استرس ادراک‌شده و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بیماران قلبی-عروقی. دومین کنفرانس ملی روان‌شناسی و علوم رفتاری.11 اردیبهشت 1394. سالن همایش‌های تلاش، تهران. ایران. https://en.civilica.com/doc/349319
گرامی‌نژاد، ن.، حسینی، م.، موسوی میرزایی، س.، و قربانی مقدم، ز. (1397). ارتباط تاب‌آوری با کیفیت زندگی حرفه‌ای در پرستاران بخش‌های ویژه. نشریۀ پرستاری ایران. 31(116)، 60-49. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2847-fa.html
محمدی، م.، جزایری، ع.، رفیعی، ا.، جوکار، ب.، و پورشهباز، ع. (1384). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر تاب‌آوری در افراد در معرض خطر سوءمصرف مواد. فصلنامۀ پژوهش‌های نوین روان‌شناختی. 1(2)، 224-203. https://www.magiran.com/volume/56645
مظفری، و. (1398). اثربخشی شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر تاب‌آوری و کنترل هیجانی همسران جانباز اعصاب و روان. مجلۀ طب جانباز. ۱۱(۲)، ۶6-۶1. http://ijwph.ir/article-1-772-en.html
منتظری، ع.، گشتاسبی، آ.، و وحدانی‌نیا، م. (1384). ترجمه، تعیین پایایی و روایی گونه فارسی ابزار استاندارد 36-SF. مجلۀ پایش. 5(1)، 56-49. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807626.1384.5.1.7.3
موسوی، س.، باقریان سرارودی، ر.، مسچی، ف.، خلعتبری، ج.، و تاجری، ب. (1399). نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری در رابطۀ بین سواد سلامت و کیفیت زندگی اختصاصی در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان. روان‌شناسی سلامت. 9(33)، 94-79. https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.52453.4785
References
Abbasi, A., Aghaei, A., & Ebrahimi Moghadam, H. (2019). Effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on resiliency in the people with generalized anxiety. Journal of Psychological Science, 18(78), 691-698.
URL: http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-356-fa.html (In Persian)
Arch, J. J., Dimidjian, S., & Chessick, C. (2012). Are exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapies safe during pregnancy? Archives of women’s Ment Health, 15(6), 445-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-012-0308-9
Backmann, J., Weiss, M., Schippers, M. C., & Hoegl, M. (2019). Personality factors, student resiliency, and the moderating role of achievement values in study progress. Learning and Individual Differences, 72, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.004
 Baghi, V., & Baghban Karimi, E. (2018) Predicting the Quality of Life of Patients With Hypertension Based on Resilience and Social Support. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(6), 24-30. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-981-fa.html (In Persian)
Barjasteh, S., & Moghaddam Tabrizi, F. (2016) Antenatal anxiety and pregnancy worries in association with marital and social support. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 14(6), 504-515. http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-2665-fa.html (In Persian)
Barzegar, E., & Samani, S. (2016). The meditating role of intimacy in the association between communication patterns and quality of married life. Journal of Women and Society, 26(7), 115-128. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1395.7.26.6.2 (In Persian)
Basharpoor, S., & Taherifard, M. (2019). Predicting the Pregnancy Anxiety in pregnant women basing on Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation strategies. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 7(2), 23-31. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1272-fa.htm (In Persian)
Bowen, A., Duncan, V., Peacock, S., Bowen, R., Schwartz, L., Campbell, D., & Muhajarine, N. (2014). Mood and anxiety problems in perinatal Indigenous women in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States: A critical review of the literature. Transcult Psychiatry, 51(1), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513501712
Callanan, F., Tuohy, T., Bright, A., & Grealish, A. (2022). The effectiveness of psychological interventions for pregnant women with anxiety in the antenatal period: A systematic review. Midwifery, 104, 103169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103169
Caracho, R. A., Foratori-Junior, G. A., Fusco, N. S., Jesuino, B. G., Missio, A. L. T., & Sales-Peres, S. H. C. (2020). Systemic conditions and oral health-related quality of life of pregnant women of normal weight and who are overweight. International Dental Journal, 70(4), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12547
Chang, J., Ji, Y., Li, Y., Yuan, M., & Su, P. (2021). Childhood trauma and depression in college students: Mediating and moderating effects of psychological resilience. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 65, 1028-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102824
Chen, L., Yue, P., Lamb, K. V., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, R. (2020). Stigma in HBV-infected pregnant women in disclosed situations: Current status, influencing factors, and impacts on the quality of life. Applied Nursing Research, 56, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151347
Conner, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The conner –Davidson Resilience scale (CD- RISC). Depression & Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Dachew, B. A., Ayano, G., Betts, K., & Alat, R. (2021). The impact of pre-pregnancy BMI on maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.010
Domínguez-Solís, E., Lima-Serrano, M., & Lima-Rodríguez, J.S. (2021). Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce anxiety in pregnancy, labour and postpartum: A systematic review. Midwifery, 102, 103126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103126
Estebsari, F., Rahimi Khalife Kandi, Z., Jalili Bahabadi, F., Raiesi Filabadi, Z., Estebsari, K., & Mostafaei, D. (2020). Health-related quality of life and related factors among pregnant women. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9, 299. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_307_20
Fathi, A., & Golakeh Khibari, S. (2018). The relationship between prenatal concerns, depression, quality of life and general health of pregnant women. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 15(12), 939-949. http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-3233-fa.html (In Persian)
Fischer, O. J., Marguerie, M., & Brotto, L.A. (2019). Sexual function, quality of life, and experiences of women with ovarian cancer: A mixed-methods study. Sexual Medicine, 7(4), 530-539.             https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2019.07.005
Garcia-Leon, M. A., Caparros-Gonzalez, R. A., Romero-Gonzalez, B., Gonzalez-Perez, R., & Peralta Ramirez, I. (2019). Resilience as a protective factor in pregnancy and puerperium: its relationship with the psychological state, and with hair cortisol concentrations. Midwifery, 75, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.05.006
Geraminejad, N., Hosseini, M., Mousavi Mirzaei, S., & Ghorbani Moghaddam, Z. (2019). Association between resilience and professional quality of life among nurses working in intensive care units. Iran Journal of Nursing, 31(116), 49-60. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2847-fa.html (In Persian)
Hasanzadeh Pashang, S., Dabir Moghadam, M., Sharifian, M., & Saffarinia, M. (2014). The effectiveness of couple’s communication program training on life quality and marriage intimacy among unsatisfied women from married life in Tehran city. Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(3), 47-78. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2015.1779 (In Persian)
Hasson-Ohayon, I., Ben-Pazi A., Silberg T., Pijnenborg, G., & Goldzweig, G. (2019). The mediating role of parental satisfaction between marital satisfaction and perceived family burden among parents of children with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Research, 271,105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.037
 Hoosienpoor, F., Rezaei, F., & Gholamrezaei, S. (2019). Investigating the role of difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress, pregnancy anxiety and depression in pregnant women’s mind. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 17(6), 485-493. http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-3850-fa.html (In Persian)
 Hosseininia, N., & Hatami, H. (2019). Anticipating retirees’ quality of life based on mental well-bing and resilliency. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 20(1), 81-97.
 Huizink, A., Mulder, E., Robles de Medina, P., Visser, P., & Buitelaar, J. (2004). Is pregnancy anxiety a distinctive
syndrome? Early Human Developmental, 79(2), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.04.014
 Karimpoor, J. (2015). Effectiveness mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) on quality of life, stress is understood and psychological well-being of cardiovascular patients. The 2nd International Conference on Psychology Behavioral Sciences. 1 May 2015 Talash Conference Center, Tehran, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/349319/ (In Persian)
Karamoozian, M., Askarizadeh, G., & Behroozy, N. (2017). The Study of psychometric properties of pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery, 5(4), 22-34.
 http://78.39.35.47/article-1-589-fa.html (In Persian)
Karow, A., Reimer, J., Schafer, I., Krausz, M., Haasen, C., & Verthein, U. (2010). Quality of life under maintenance treatment with heroin versus methadone in patients with opioid dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.009
Kelly, M., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Boislard, M. (2012). Identity, intimacy, status and sex dating goals as correlates of goal-consistent behavior and satisfaction in Australian youth. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1441–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.002
Lagadec, N., Steinecker, M., Kapassi, A., Magnier, A., Chastang, J., Robert, S., Gaouaou, N., & Ibanez, G. (2018). Factors influencing the quality of life of pregnant women: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 455. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2087-4
Lamichhane, D. K., Jung, D., Shin, Y., Lee, K., Lee, S., Ahn, K., Kim, K.W., Shin, Y. H., Suh, D. I., Hong, S., & Kim, H. (2021). Association of ambient air pollution with depressive and anxiety symptoms in pregnant women: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 237, 113823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113823
 Lau, Y., Htun, T. P., Lim, P. I., Ho-Lim, S. T., Chi, C., Tsai, C., Ong, K. W., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2017). Breastfeeding attitude, health-related quality of life and maternal obesity among multi-ethnic pregnant women: A multi-group structural equation approach. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 67, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.12.004
 Lee, M., Kim, Y., & Lee, M. (2021). The Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy on the Relationship between Spouse-Related Stress and Prenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependent Model Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020487
Liu, N., Gou, W., Wang, J., Chen, D., Sun, W., Guo, P., Zhang, X., & Zhang, W. (2019). Effects of exercise on pregnant women’s quality of life: A systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 242, 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.03.009
Mahrer, N. E., Ramos, I. F., Guardino, C., Davis, E. P., Ramey, S. L., Shalowitz, M., & Dunkel Schetter, C. (2020). Pregnancy anxiety in expectant mothers predicts offspring negative affect: The moderating role of acculturation. Early Human Development, 141, 104932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104932
McHorney, C. A., Ware Jr, J. E., Lu, J. R., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical care, 40-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8277801/
Mei, H., Li, N., Li, J., Zhang, D., Cao, Z., Zhou, Y., Cao, J., & Zhou, A. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 149, 110586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110586
Mohammadi, M., Jazayeri, A., Rafiei, A., Jokar, B., & Pourshahbaz, A. (2005). Survey the factors of influence on resilience in people at risk of substance abuse. Modern Psychological Research, 1(2), 203-224. https://www.magiran.com/volume/56645 (In Persian)
Montazeri, A., Goshtasebi, A., & Vahdaninia, M. S. (2006). The short form health survey (SF-36): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Journal of Payesh Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, 5(1), 49-56. http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-756-fa.html (In Persian)
Morin, M., Claris, O., Dussart, C., Frelat, A., Deplace, A., Molinier, L., Matillon, Y., Elhinger, V., & Vayssiere, C. (2019). H­ealth-related quality of life during pregnancy: A repeated measures study of changes from the first trimester to birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scandinavica, 98(10), 1282-1291. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13624
Mousavi, Sh., Bagherian-Saraoudi, R., Meschi, F., Khalatbari, J., & Tajeri, B. (2020). The role of mediating resilience in the relationship between health literacy and specific quality of life in breast cancer patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(33), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.52453.4785 (In Persian)
Mozaffari, V. (2019). Effectiveness of cognitive mindfulness-based-therapy on resilience and emotional control of psychiatric veteran’s wives. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 11(2), 61-66. http://ijwph.ir/article-1-772-en.html (In Persian)
Naja, S., Al Kubaisi, N., Singh, R., & Bougmiza, I. (2020). Generalized and pregnancy-related anxiety prevalence and predictors among pregnant women attending primary health care in Qatar, 2018–2019. Heliyon, 6(10), e05264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05264
Oh, Y. K., & Hwang, S.Y. (2017). Impact of uncertainty on the quality of life of young breast cancer patients: focusing on mediating effect of marital intimacy. Journal of Korean Academic Nurse, 48(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.50
Okagbue, H. I., Adamu, P. I., Bishop, S. A., Oguntunde., P. E., Opanuga, A. A., & Akhmetshin, E. M. (2019). Systematic review of prevalence of antepartum depression during the trimesters of pregnancy. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(9), 1555–1560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.270
Razmpush, M., Ramezani, K., Maredpour, A., & Koulivand, P. H. (2019). The role of self-efficacy and resilience in nurses' quality of life. Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 7(1), 34-42. http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-1857-fa.html (In Persian)
Ristevska-Dimitrovska, G., Filov, I., Rajchanovska, D., Stefanovski, P., & Dejanova, B. (2015). Resilience and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Science, 3(4), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.128
Shamsi Thani, M., & Tamanaeifar, M. R. (2016). Quality of life in pregnancy: the role of self-efficacy and resilience. The 4th International Conference on Recent Innovations in Psychology, Counseling and Behavioral Science. July 22, 2016, Khorazmi University of Tehran, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/670033 (In Persian)
Sharifian, M., Dabir Moghadam, M., Hasanzadeh Pashang, S., & Saffarinia, M. (2014). The effectiveness of Couple’s Communication Program Training on life quality and marriage intimacy among unsatisfied women from married life in Tehran city. Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(3), 47-78. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2015.1779 (In Persian)
Tariveh, B., Karimi, Q., Akbari, M., & Moradi, O. (2020). Structural model of marital commitment based on marital communication beliefs, emotional involvement, and criticism in the family with mediating role of marital intimacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 139-158. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_97304.html (In Persian)
Van den Berg, B. R. H. (1990). The influence of maternal emotional during pregnancy on fetal & neonatal behavior. Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychological and health, 5(14), 119-30. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1041624/INFLUEN2.PDF
Van den Broucke, S., Vandereycken, W., & Vertommen, H. (1995). Marital intimacy: Conceptualization and assessment. Clinical PsychologyReview,15(3), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(95)00007-C
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical care, 30(6), 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002
Welch, B. M., Keil, A. P., Bommarito, P. A., Erve, T. J., Deterding, L. J., Williams, J. G., Lih, F. B., Cantonwine, D. E., McElrath, T. F., & Ferguson, K. K. (2021). Longitudinal exposure to consumer product chemicals and changes in plasma oxylipins in pregnant women. Environment International, 157, 106787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106787
 
Volume 14, Issue 4
2024
Pages 203-222
  • Receive Date: 19 November 2021
  • Revise Date: 15 January 2022
  • Accept Date: 26 February 2022
  • First Publish Date: 10 January 2024
  • Publish Date: 10 January 2024