Journal of Applied Psychological Research

Comparing the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Positive Thinking Training for Cognitive Avoidance; Emotional Regulation Strategies with the Modifying Role of Gender in Blind Students

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities Sciences, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

3 Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Humanities Sciences, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of the present research endeavor was to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and positive thinking training in promoting emotional regulation and cognitive avoidance among blind second-secondary students in Ardabil city. Gender was also considered as a moderating factor in this comparison. During the 2019 academic year, the research community comprised male and female secondary school pupils from Ardabil city who were blind. Through random sampling, 66 qualified volunteers (33 girls and 33 boys) were selected. The research methodology was applied and quantitative data collection was conducted in a semi-experimental fashion using a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. The participants were divided into two independent groups, each receiving one of two intervention trainings(reality therapy training and positive thinking training), and a control group comprised of 22 individuals, 11 of whom were girls and 11 of whom were boys. The research employed the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) and the Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ). Ten sessions of positive thinking training and eight sessions of reality therapy training (each lasting sixty minutes) were completed. Using the spss21 software, the data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis and Benferoni's post hoc test. The studies showed that the therapeutic interventions of the two experimental groups differ from those of the control group. Furthermore, in comparison to boys, the efficacy of the therapeutic intervention program in addressing cognitive avoidance and emotional regulation was found to be greater in girls (P<0.05). The results of the follow-up test showed the stability of therapeutic interventions in blind students after one month. The efficacy of reality therapy and positive thinking instruction in ameliorating the emotional regulation and cognitive avoidance difficulties of both male and female students is underscored; consequently, its application is concentrated on blind students. After one month, the results of a follow-up evaluation demonstrated that therapeutic interventions for blind students remained stable. The efficacy of reality therapy and positive thinking training in ameliorating the emotional regulation and cognitive avoidance difficulties of both male and female students is underscored, thus justifying its application to blind students.

Highlights

 

Keywords

بساک‌نژاد، س.، معینی، ن.، و مهرابی‌زاده هنرمند، م. (1389). رابطۀ پردازش پس‌رویدادی و اجتناب شناختی با اضطراب اجتماعی در دانشجویان. مجلۀ علوم رفتاری. 4(4)، 340-335.  https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67708.html
بشارت، م. ع.، و بزازیان. س. (1393). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامۀ تنظیم شناخت هیجانی در نمونه‌ای از جامعۀ ایرانی. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پرستاری و مامایی. 22(43)، 22-16. https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/viewFile/7360/8114
پاک‌نیا، ن.، میرزایی، ع.، جهان، ج.، رنجبرسودجانی، ی.، و سیاح، س. ا. (1397). مقایسۀ اثربخشی مدل درمانی رویارویی و بازداری از پاسخ و روش کاهش فکر خطرناک بر کاهش ناگویی خلقی و اجتناب شناختی بیماران وسواسی. مجلۀ مطالعات روان‌شناختی. 14(1)، 126-109. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2018.14726.1378
تازیکی، ط.، افروز، غ.، قاسم‌زاده، س.، و دلگشا، د. (1393). اثربخشی آمـوزش مهـارت‌هـای تنظـیم خلـق بـر خودپنداره و کفایت اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان با ناتوانی یادگیری. مجلۀ ناتوانی‌های یادگیری. 3(3)، 24-6. https://jld.uma.ac.ir/article_148.html
حسنی، ج.، و میرآقایی، ع. (1391). رابطۀ راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان با ایده‌پردازی خودکشی. روان‌شناسی معاصر. 7(1)، 72-61. https://bjcp.ir/browse.php?a_id=26&sid=1&slc_lang=fa
خالقی، ن.، امیری، م.، و طاهری، ا. (1395). اثربخشی واقعیت‌درمانی گروهی بر اضطراب اجتماعی، سوگیری تغییر و روابط بین‌فردی نوجوانان. نشریۀ اصول بهداشت روانی. 19(2)، 83-77. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20170614120324-9434-256.pdf
شریفی درآمدی، پ. (1390). بررسی تأثیر آموزش مهارت‌های اجتماعی مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی رفتاری بر سازگاری دانش‌آموزان نابینا. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی افراد استثنایی. ۱(1)، 66-45. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_2025.html
عرب زاده، م. (1395) تأثیر روان‌درمانی مثبت‌نگر بر توانایی‌های خودمدیریتی سالمندان. مجلۀ سلامت و مراقبت. ۱۸(۳)، ۲۲۸-۲۳۶. http://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-592-fa.html
علی‌اکبری دهکردی، م. ع.، شکرکن، ح.، و محتشمی، ط. (1390). رابطۀ نقش جنسیتی با سلامت روانی و مؤلفه‌های آن در زنان شاغل. روان‌شناسی بالینی و شخصیت. 9(2)، 48-37. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_2653.html?lang=fa
غلامی حیدرآبادی، ز.، نوابی‌نژاد، ش.، دلاور، ع.، و شفیع‌آبادی، ع.(1393). اثربخشی آموزش مثبت‌نگری بر افزایش شادکامی و سخت‌رویی مادران دارای فرزندان نابینا. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی افراد استثنایی. 4(16)،116-97. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_1440.html
کاظمی، ن.، رسول‌زاده، و.، و محمدی، س. ت. (1397). تأثیر آموزش مثبت‌اندیشی بر اضطراب اجتماعی و اجتناب شناختی مادران کودکان با ناتوانی‌های یادگیری خاص. فصلنامۀ سلامت کودک. 4(5)‌، 158-148. http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-395-fa.html
کوئیلیام، س. (1395)، مثبت‌اندیشی و مثبت‌گرایی کاربردی. ترجمۀ فرید براتی سده و افسانه صادقی. تهران: رشد.
گلاسر، و. (1392). واقعیت‌درمانی. ترجمۀ فاطمه شعیبی. تهران: کتاب سبز.
محمودپور، ع.، امینیان، ا.، نوذری، م.، و نعیمی، ا. (1400). نقش اجتناب شناختی و ابرازگری هیجانی در پیش‌بینی تعارض زناشویی زنان شهر تهران. مجلۀ علوم روان‌شناختی. 20(98)، 218-209. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.98.8.7
مروی نوغانی، ف. س. (1396). راهبردهای شناخت و هیجان. اردبیل: یاوریان.
مولایی، م.، جانی، س.، حامدی، ر.، و جنگی قوجه بیگلو، ش. (1393). پیش‌بینی اختلال‌های شخصیت اجتنابی، وابسته و وسواسی-جبری براساس سیستم فعال‌ساز مغزی و سیستم بازداری مغزی. مجلۀ پزشکی. 25(10)، 939-931. http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-2549-fa.html
نامنی، م.، حیات روشنایی، ا.، و ترابی میلانی، ف. (1396). تحول روانی آموزش و توان‌بخشی نابینایان. تهران: سمت.
نریمانی، م.، طالبی جویباری، م.، و ابوالقاسمی، ع. (1392). مقایسۀ سبک اسناد و تاب‌آوری در بین دانش‌آموزان آسیب‌دیده و عادی. روان‌شناسی افراد استثنایی. 3(10)، 64-41. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_812.html?lang=fa
وامقی، ر.، امیرعلی اکبری، ص.، ساجدی، ف.، سجادی، ح.، علوی مجد، ح.، و حاجی قاسمعلی، س. (1394). مقایسۀ استرس و حمایت اجتماعی درک‌شدۀ مادران کودکان ۶ تا ۱۸ ماهه با تأخیر تکاملی و تکامل طبیعی. حیات. 21(3)، 87-74. http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1222-fa.html
References
Aliakbari Dehkordi, M., & Shokrkon, H. (2011). The relationship between gender role and mental health & it`s components in employed women. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 9(2), 37-48. https://cpap.shahed.ac.ir/article_2653.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Arabzadeh, M. (2016). The effect of positive psychotherapy on self-management ability in elderly. Journal of Health and Care, 18(3), 228-236. http://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-592-en.html (In Persian)
Barnes, B. J. (1997). Mental health issues in young females: A gender perspective. Women’s Studies Portal. http://womenstudies.in/elib/status/st_mental_health_issues.pdf
Bassak-Nejad, S., Moini, N., & Mehrabizadeh-Honarmand, M. (2011). The relationship between post event processing and cognitive avoidance with social anxiety among students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 335-340. https://www.behavsci.ir/article_67708.html (In Persian)
Besharat, M. A., & Bazazian, S. (2013). Examining the psychometric characteristics of the emotional cognition regulation questionnaire in a sample of Iranian society. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 22(43), 16-22. https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/viewFile/7360/8114 (In Persian)
Bobo, J. L., Whitaker, K. C., & Strunk, K. K. (2013). Personality and student self-handicapping: a cross-validated regression approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 619-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.010
Bögels, S. M., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 827-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.005
Bortolon, C., Lopes, B., Capdevielle, D., Macioce, V., & Raffard, S. (2019). The roles of cognitive avoidance, rumination and negative affect in the association between abusive supervision in the workplace and non-clinical paranoia in a sample of workers working in France. Psychiatry Research, 271, 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.065
Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2002). Information processing in social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01296-3
Dannahy, L., & Stopa, L. (2007). Post-event Processing in Social Anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1207-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.017
De Leersnyder, J., Mesquita, B., & Boiger, M. (2021). What has culture got to do with emotions? (A lot). In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology (pp. 62–119). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079741.003.0002
Dickson, K. S., & Ciesla, J. A. (2018). Executive functioning and negative affect: An examination of the meditational effects of emotion regulation. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 11(3), 272-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-018-0029-6
Doré, B. P., Silvers, J. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016). Toward a Personalized Science of Emotion Regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,10(4), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12240
Eagleson, C., Hayes, S., Mathews, A., Perman, G., & Hirsch, C. R. (2016). The power of positive thinking: Pathological worry is reduced by thought replacement in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 78, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.017
Froman, L. (2010). Positive Psychology in the Workplace. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9080-0
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual differences, 30(8), 1311-1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
Gholami Heidarabadi, Z., Navabinejad, S., Delavar, A., & Shafiabadi, A. (2014). The effectiveness of the training of positivism on increasing happiness and hardiness among the blind children's mothers. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 4(16), 97-116. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_1440.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Glasser, W. (2012). Reality Therapy. Translated by Fatemeh Shoaibi. Tehran: Greenbook. (In Persian)
Hasani, J., & Miraghaie, A. M. (2012). The relationship between strategies for cognitive regulation of emotions and suicidal ideation. Contemporary Psychology, 7(1), 61-72. https://bjcp.ir/article-1-26-en.html (In Persian)
Jarymowicz, M. T., & Imbir, K. K. (2015). Toward a Human Emotions Taxonomy (based on their automatic vs. reflective origin). Emotion Review, 7(2), 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914555923
Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2007). Social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and post-event rumination: affective consequences and social contextual influences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(3), 284-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.009
Kazemi, N., Rasoulzadeh, V., & Mohammadi, S. T. (2019). Effect of Positive Thinking Education on Social Anxiety and Cognitive Avoidance of Mothers of Children with Specific Learning Disabilities. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 5(4), 148-158. http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-395-en.html (In Persian)
Kef, S., & Deković, M. (2004). The Role of Parental and Peer Support in Adolescents Well-being: a Comparison of Adolescents With and Without a Visual Impairment. Journal of Adolescence, 27(4), 453-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.12.005
Khaleghi, N., Amiri, M., & Taheri, E. (2015). Effectiveness of group therapy reality on social anxiety, change bias and interpersonal relationships of teenagers. Journal of Principles of Mental Health, 19(2), 77-83. https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20170614120324-9434-256.pdf (In Persian)
Killam, K. M., & Kim, Y. H. (2014). Positive psychological interventions and self-perceptions: A cautionary tale. In A. C. Parks & S. M. Schueller (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of positive psychological interventions. (pp. 450–461). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118315927.ch26
Kobylińska, D., & Marchlewska, M. J. (2016). Action orientation and emotion regulation, Psychology-Ethology-Genetics, 34, 25-42. http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-ca9e3f86-83ce-4b8f-9a90-35726faf191e
Lefkowitz, E. S., & Zeldow, P. B. (2006). Masculinity and femininity predict optimal mental health: A belated test of the androgyny hypothesis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_08
Lightsey Jr, O. R., & Boyraz, G. (2011). Do Positive Thinking and Meaning Mediate the Positive Affect—Life Satisfaction Relationship?. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 43(3), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023150
Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being?. Current directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412469809
Mahmoudpour, A., Aminian, A., Nowzari, M., & Naeimi E. (2021). The role of cognitive avoidance and emotional expression in predicting marital conflict in women in Tehran. Journal of Psychological Science, 20(98), 209-218.
http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-867-en.html (In Persian)
Marvi Noghani, F. S. (2016). Cognition and excitement strategies. Ardabil: Yavarian. (In Persian)
Molaee, M., Jani, S., Hamedi, R., & Jangi Gojebiglou, Sh. (2014). predict the cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive) according to behavioral activation and inhibition systems. Studies in Medical Sciences, 25(10), 931-939. http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-2549-en.html (In Persian)
Motamed-Jahromi, M., Fereidouni, Z., & Dehghan, A. (2017). Effectiveness of positive thinking training program on nurses’ quality of work life through smartphone applications. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2017, 4965816. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4965816
Nameni, M., Hayat Roshanai, A., & Torabi-Milani, F. (2016). Psychological evolution of education and rehabilitation of the blind. Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
Narimani, M., Talebi Jooybari, M., & Abolqassemi, A. (2013). A comparison of attributional and resilience style between normal students and ones with visual or motor disability aged 15 to 19 year-old in cities of Sari and Qaemshahr. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 3(10), 41-64. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_812.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Oatley, K., & Jenkins, J. M. (2018). Anger: An emotion of iintent and of desire for change in relationships. In M. H. Jacobson (ED.), Emotions, Everyday Life and Sociology (pp.176-190). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315207728
Ortner, C. N., Corno, D., Fung, T. Y., & Rapinda, K. (2018). The roles of hedonic and eudaimonic motives in emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 209-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.006
Ottenbreit, N. D., Dobson, K. S., & Quigley, L. (2014). An examination of avoidance in major depression in comparison to social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 56, 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.005
Owsley, C., McGwin Jr, G., Scilley, K., Dreer, L. E., Bray, C. R., & Mason III, J. O. (2006). Focus groups with persons who have age-related macular degeneration: Emotional issues. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.51.1.23
Pakniya, N., Mirzaei, A., Jahan, J., RanjbarSudejani, Y., & Sayyah, S. S. (2018). To compare the effectiveness of confrontation / encontur and response prevention model with the dangerous ideation reduction method on reducing alexithymia and cognitive avoidance amonge obsessive disorder patients. Journal of Psychological Studies, 14(1), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2018.14726.1378 (In Persian)
Quilliam, S. (2015). Positive thinking and applied positivism. Translated by: F. Barati Sadeh & A. Sadeghi. Tehran: Roshd. (In Persian)
Reader, S. D. (2011). Choice Theory: an Investigation of The Treatment Effects of a Choice Therapy Protocols Students Identified as Having a Behavioral, Emotional Disability on Measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Locus of Control and Self-steem. PhD unpublished Dissertation in Counseling. North Carolina University. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncc/f/Reeder_uncc_0694D_10167.pdf
Schueller, S. M. (2012). Positive psychology. In V. S. Ramachandran (ED.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior: Second Edition (pp. 140-147). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00284-6
Setmire, E. (2007). Women and self efficacy: A comparison of lesbian, sexual, androgynous, and feminine typed women. Thesis (MA)-Psychology: Counseling, Humboldt State University. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/5712m887n
Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). Defining distinct negative beliefs about uncertainty: validating the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015827
Sharifi Daramadi, P. (2011). The effect of social skills training based on cognitive- behavioral approach on psychological adjustment of Blind male students. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 1(1), 45-66. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_2025.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Sheldon, K. M., & King, L. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary. American psychologist, 56(3), 216-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.216
Shimonaka, Y., Nakazato, K., Kawaai, C., & Sato, S. (1997). Androgyny and successful adaptation across the life span among Japanese adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158(4), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329709596677
Taziki, T., Afroz, G., Ghasemzadeh, S., & Delgoshad, A. (2014). Effectiveness of mood regulation skills training on self-concept and social competence of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(3), 6-24. https://jld.uma.ac.ir/article_148.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Vameghi, R., Aliakbari, S.A., Sajedi, F., Sajjadi, H., Alavimajd, H., & Hajighasemali, S. (2015). Comparison of stress and perceived social support in mothers of 6-18 month-old children with and without developmental delay. Hayat, 21(3), 74-87. http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1222-en.html (In Persian)
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 15, Issue 1
2024
Pages 115-132
  • Receive Date: 04 February 2022
  • Revise Date: 26 March 2022
  • Accept Date: 24 April 2022
  • First Publish Date: 07 April 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 April 2024