Psycho-social Consequences for Married Women Infected with HIV/AIDS

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 University of Tehran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of married women living with HIV/AIDS. For this purpose, using combination purposeful sampling method that combines sampling a mixed of several criterion sampling (married), and quota sampling (female), 14 women with HIV/AIDS were selected and individual semi-structured interviews respectively. Data analysis was carried out using the phenomenological method and coding texts of the interviews were conducted. According to the research findings, although all participants were infected with HIV perfectly justifiable (legitimate) reason, and in fact they were victims of their husbands, but experience stigma, discrimination, notorious and unfortunately, they were not treated fairly in society. They have faced challenges and difficulties in their lives and to solve problems and cope with challenges, different strategies are employed. Spirituality of the most important ways to cope that most of them acknowledged it. All women after becoming aware of her illness, had experienced, severe shock, anxiety, fear, disgust, sadness, depression, and isolation. The majority of these women have no hope for the future and meaning in their lives. It seems consulting solutions can be effective for increasing adjustment of women with HIV/AIDS with the new conditions of life and empower them.

Keywords


- Adam, F., Hertzlick, K. (1385). Sociology of Patients and Medicine. Translation by Lorans and the donya katbi. Tehran: Publishing Ney.
-Delavar, a. (1387). Research Method in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran: Publishing Edition.
- Zokaei, M.  (1381). Theory and methodology in qualitative research, Journal of Social Sciences, 41-70.
- Frankl, v. (1385). Man searching for meaning. Translated by Milani and Salehian, Tehran: Dorsa Publishing.
Farhadian, h. (1369). Surveys on AIDS, Tehran: Kobe.
- Flick, E. (1387). Income on qualitative research, translated by Hadi Jalili, Tehran. Publishing Ney.
- Curie, c. (1387). Nutrias and methods of group counseling, translation by Asgari and others, Tehran: Shabnam Danesh.
- NickAeen, d. (1389). Socio-cultural challenge related to medical ethics in dealing with HIV / AIDS patients. Dissertation for Master of Science (MSc) in Sociology, University of Tehran.
Reference:
- Alaei, A. & Alaei, K. (2003). .Health: HIV and AIDS: Iran. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. General Editor: Suad Joseph. Brill.
- Alonzo, A., & Reynolds, N. (1995). Stigma, HIV, and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of stigma trajectory. Social Science & Medicine, 41, 303-315.
- Andrews, S. (1995). Social support as a stress buffer among humanimmunodeficiency virus-seropositive urban mothers. Holistic Nursing Practice, 10 (1), 36-41.
- Bennetts, A., Shaffer, Manopaiboon, Chaiyakul, Siriwasin, Mock, et al. (1999). Determinants of depression and HIV-related worry among HIV-positive woman who have recently given birth. Social Science & Medicine, 49, 737-749.
- Bungerner, C., Marchand-Gonod, N., & Jovent, R. (2000). African and European HIV-positive woman: Psychological and psychosocial differences. AIDS Care, 12, 541-548.
- Canadian AIDS Society (1995). Sharing the Energy. A National Workshop on street-Involved People and HIV/AIDS. Workshop report. Ottawa: Canadian AIDS Society.
- Carr, R.L. Gramling, L.F. (20014). Stigma: a health barrier for women with HIV/AIDS. Nurses AIDS Care.15(5):30-9.
- Chesney, MA, Smith AW. (1994). Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Scientist. 42, 1162-74.
- Crandall, C.S., & Coleman, R. (1992). AIDS-related stigmatization and the disruption of social relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 163-177.
- Crawford, Anne M. (1996). Stigma associated with AIDS: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 398-416.
- Gilmore, N. & Somerville, M. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: overcoming “them” and “us”: Social Science and Medicine, 39 (9), 1359-1366.
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. England: Penguin.
- Hall, B. A. (1994). Overcoming stigmatization: Social and personal implications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus diagnosis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3, 189-194.
-Hankins, C. A. (1990). Issues involving women, children, and AIDS primarily in the developed world. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 3, 443-448.
- Herek, G. M. Capitanio, J. P. (1999). AIDS stigma and sexual prejudice. American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1126-1143.
- Herek, G.M. (1999). AIDS and Stigma. American Behavioural scientist, 42 (7), 1102-1112.
- Herek, G. M. (1990). Illness, stigma and AIDS. In P. T. Costa, Jr., and G. R. vandenBos (Eds.), Psychological aspects of serious illness: Chronic conditions, fatal diseases, and clinical care, 103-150. Washington, Dc: American Psychological Association.
- Hudson, A. L., Lee, K.A., Miramontes, H., & Portillo, C.J. (2001). Social interactions, perceived support, and level of distress in HIV-positive women. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 12(4): 68-76.
- Kondora, L. L. (1993). A Heideggerian hermeneutical analysis of survivors of incest. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 11-16.
- Lachman, S. J. (1995). Heterosexual HIV/AIDS as global problem. Pietermartzburg: The natal Witness Printing and Publishing Company.
- Laine, C., Markson, L.E., Fanning, T.R., & Turner, B. J. (1999). Relationship between ambulatory care accessibility and hospitalization for persons with advanced HIV disease. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 10(3): 313-327.
- Lee, R., Kochman, A., & Silkema, K. J. (2002). Internalized stigma among people living with HIV-AIDS. AIDS and Behavior, 6, 309-319.
- Liezl, E. (2011). An investigation into employee’s perceptions of HIV/AIDS stigma and their attitudes and behavior towards HIV positive colleagues.
- Longo, P. H. (1989). Psychosocial aspects of the HIV infected women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Paper presented at Fifth International Conference on AIDs, Montreal, Quebec.
- Maj, M. (1997) Depression in subjects with HIV infection: Results of the world health organization neuropsychiatric AIDS study. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 154S.
- McAmmond, D. (1991). Working paper on social care and support for women with HIV infection. Unpublished paper prepared for National Welfare Grants.
- Morse, J. (1995). Designing funded qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 220-235). Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage.
- Nicholas, P.K., & Webster, A. (1993). Hardiness and social support in human immunodeficiency virus. Applied nursing research, 6(3): 132-135.
- Novick, A. (1997). Stigma and AIDS: Three layers of damage. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 1, 53-60.
- O’Leary, A. & Jemmott, L. (1996). Women and AIDS: Coping and care. New York: Plenum.
- Paterson, G. (1996). Women In the time of AIDS. New York: Orbis Books.
- Patterson, T. L., Shaw, W. S., Semple, S. J., Cherner, M., Nannis, E. & McCutchan, J. A. (1997). Relationship of psychosocial factors to HIV disease progression, Ann Behaviour Med, 18, 30-39.   
- Pederson, S. S., & Elklit, A. (1998). Traumatisation, psychological defence style, coping, symptomatology, and social support in HIV-positive: A pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39, 55-60.
- Phillips, K.D. Moneyham, L. Tavakoli, A. (2011). Development of an instrument to measure internalized stigma in those with HIV/AIDS. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32:359-366.
- Reillo, M. M. (2008). The lived experience of HIV/ AIDS: A Heideggerian Hermeneutical analysis. Doctoral dissertation, College of Notre Dame of Maryland.
- Ross, T. L. (1994). The lived experience of hope in young mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A phenomenological inquiry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Adelphi University, New York.
- Ross, R., & Srisaeng, P. (2005). Depression and its correlates among HIV-positive, pregnant women in Thailand. Paper presented at the 38th Sigma Theta Tau International Conference, Indianapolis.
- Roy, A. (2003). Characteristics of HIV patients who attempt suicide. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavia, 107, 41-44.
- Sherr, L. (Ed.) (1993). AIDS and the heterosexual population. Chur; Harwood Academic Publishers.
- Sowell, R. (2000). Resources, stigma and patterns of disclosure in rural women with HIV infection. Public Health Nursing, 14(5), 302-312.
- UNAIDS. Joint United Nations Program on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS). (2014). Global fact sheet.
- UNAIDS (2002). A Conceptual Framework and Basis for Action: HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination. Geneva: UNAIDS.
- Withell, B. (2000). A study of the experience of women living with HIV/ AIDS in Uganda. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 6, 234-244.
- World Health Organization (WHO). AIDS epidemic update. Geneva: WHO.
Volume 9, Issue 4
July 2018
Pages 71-90
  • Receive Date: 21 April 2018
  • Revise Date: 12 May 2019
  • Accept Date: 28 October 2018
  • First Publish Date: 20 February 2019
  • Publish Date: 20 February 2019