Content Validity, Factor Structure and Gender Invariance of Belongingness Orientation Scale

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational sciences and psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of present study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of Belongingness Orientation scale (Lavigne et al, 2011). The research method of this study was correlation and test validation. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of Birjand University (6657 girls and 5691 boys). A total of 292 people (147 women, 145 men) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed Belongingness Orientation Scale (BOS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS-IDL) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory and intergroup factor analysis, and multiple regression using SPSS.16, and Amos.20 software. Results showed that the structure of two factors that explain 54.34% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this structure. The factor structure of the scale was invariant by gender. The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and split-half coefficients. Predictive validity in relation to subjective vitality and psychological distress was confirmed. In general, it can be concluded that the belongingness orientation scale has a good validity and reliability in students and can be used as a precise instrument in this regard.

Keywords

References

تنهای رشوانلو، ف.، کرامتی، ر.، کارشکی، ح.، و ترکمنی، م. (1397). ساختار عاملی و تغییر ناپذیری جنسیتی مقیاس سرزندگی ذهنی در دانشجویان. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روان‌شناختی. 9(3)، 14-1.
رشید، س.، کیانی، ا. ر.، خرمدل، ک.، محمدنژادی، ب.، عبدالهی، ب.، و مکارمی مقدم، ف. (1395). همبستگی حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده، تعلق‌پذیری خنثی و احساس بار بودن با خودکشی در دانشجویان دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی. پژوهنده. 21(4)، 198-192.
قربانی سفیده‌خوان، م.، و حسین‌ثبات، ف. (1395). بررسی همبستگی بین شاخص‌های سبک دلبستگی و ارضای نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی با افسردگی (از طریق تحلیل مسیر). پژوهنده. 21(1)، 20-13.
Adamczyk, K. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of relationship status through unmet need to belong and fear of being single on young adults' romantic loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences. 124, 124-129.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin. 117(3), 497-529.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and personality Psychology Compass. 8(2), 58-72.
Cox, A. E., & Ullrich-French, S. (2010). The motivational relevance of peer and teacher relationship profiles in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 11(5), 337-344.
Cox, A., Duncheon, N., & McDavid, L. (2009). Peers and teachers as sources of relatedness perceptions, motivation, and affective responses in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 80(4), 765-773.
Dadfar, M., Atef Vahid, M. K., Lester, D., & Bahrami, F. (2016). Kessler psychological distress scale (K6): psychometric testing of the Farsi form in psychiatric outpatients. Advances in Bioresearch. 7(2), 105-108.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). Autonomy and need satisfaction in close relationships: Relationships motivation theory. In Human motivation and interpersonal relationships (pp. 53-73). Springer, Dordrecht.
Ferrand, C., Martinent, G., & Durmaz, N. (2014). Psychological need satisfaction and well-being in adults aged 80 years and older living in residential homes: Using a self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Aging Studies. 30, 104-111.
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine. 32(6), 959-976.
Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., ... & Lara, C. (2010). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 19(S1), 4-22.
Landry, A. T., Kindlein, J., Trépanier, S. G., Forest, J., Zigarmi, D., Houson, D., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2016). Why individuals want money is what matters: Using self-determination theory to explain the differential relationship between motives for making money and employee psychological health. Motivation and Emotion. 40(2), 226-242.
Lavigne, G. L., Vallerand, R. J., & Crevier-Braud, L. (2011). The fundamental need to belong: On the distinction between growth and deficit-reduction orientations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 37(9), 1185-1201.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology. 28(4), 563-575.
Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013). Construct validity of the need to belong scale: Mapping the nomological network. Journal of Personality Assessment. 95(6), 610-624.
León, J., & Núñez, J. L. (2013). Causal ordering of basic psychological needs and well-being. Social Indicators Research. 114(2), 243-253.
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research. 35(6), 382-385.
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Biological aspects of human motivation. In Motivation, intention, and volition (pp. 11-19). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications.
Myers, N. D., Ahn, S., & Jin, Y. (2011). Sample size and power estimates for a confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: A Monte Carlo approach. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 82(3), 412-423.
Reinboth, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). Dimensions of coaching behavior need satisfaction, and the psychological and physical welfare of young athletes. Motivation and Emotion. 28(3), 297-313.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. (2014). Self-determination theory. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 5755-5760). Springer Netherlands.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality. 65(3), 529-565.
Sariçam, H. (2016). Examining the Relationship between Self-rumination and Happiness: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Subjective Vitality. Universities Psychological. 15(2), 383-396.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2012). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge.
Seehusen, J., Cordaro, F., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Blackhart, G. C., ... & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2013). Individual differences in nostalgia proneness: The integrating role of the need to belong. Personality and Individual Differences. 55(8), 904-908.
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 80(2), 325-339.
Sinclair, T. J. (2015). Staying connected: mechanisms related to the wellbeing of older adults online. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania.
Smith, A., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. (2007). Goal striving, goal attainment and well-being: Adapting and testing the self-concordance model in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 29(6), 763-782.
Spehar, I., Forest, J., & Stenseng, F. (2016). Passion for Work, Job Satisfaction, and the Mediating Role of Belongingness. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology. 8(1), 5-14.
Standage, M., & Gillison, F. (2007). Students’ motivational responses toward school physical education and their relationship to general self-esteem and health-related quality of life. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 8(5), 704-721.
Tajrishi, K. Z., Besharat, M. A., Pourbohlool, S., & Larijani, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale in a sample of Iranian population. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 30, 221-225.
Ullrich-French, S., & Cox, A. (2009). Using cluster analysis to examine the combinations of motivation regulations of physical education students. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 31(3), 358-379.
West, S. G., Finch, J. F. & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies, In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and ... 56-75), Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995.
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 11, Issue 1
May 2020
Pages 15-29

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics