Psychometric Properties of the Goals and Aspirations Inventory

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Psychology Department, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

2 Department of Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Goals and Aspirations inventory. In this applied study, a psychometric design was used and the statistical population consisted of students of Allameh Tabatabaei University during the academic year 2011–2012. Among the students of Allameh Tabatabai University, 250 people (115 girls, 135 boys) were selected through an available sampling method and answered the Aspirations Index (AI) and the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS). Validity and reliability, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were analyzed using SPSS-22 and Lisrel-8.8 software. The results of the first-order exploratory analysis confirmed the structure of the operational decade of goals and aspirations with 41 items in the Iranian youth population. In the second-order exploratory factor analysis, all ten subcomponents were classified into three indices: external, internal, and self-transcending aspirations. The results of the first and second level confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the good fit of the model and also the convergent validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.77 to 0.86 for the components and was 0.90 for the intrinsic aspirations index, 0.90 for the external aspirations index, and 0.82 for the self-transcendence index. Therefore, researchers and educators can be suggested to use this questionnaire in research related to assigning goals and aspirations and, if necessary, use this instrument to provide a basis for reviewing adolescents' life goals.

Keywords

References

خداپناهی، ک.، و خاکسار بلداجی، م. ع. (1384). رابطۀ جهت‌گیری مذهبی و سازگاری روان‌شناختی در دانشجویان. مجلۀ روان‌شناسی. 9(3)، 320-309.
سبزه‌آرای لنگرودی، م.، حاجلو، ن.، بشرپور، س.، و ابوالقاسمی، ع. (1395). اثر آزمایشگاهی اضطراب مرگ بر پیگیری ارزش‌ها و آرزوهای ناسالم. پژوهش‌های روان‌شناسی اجتماعی. 6(23)، 20-1.
سبزه‌آرای لنگرودی، م.، سرافراز، م. ر.، و قربانی، ن. (1394). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی شاخص آرزو. مطالعات روان‌شناختی. 11(1)، 114-97.
عبدالملکی، ز. (1389). رابطۀ ساختاری بین وضعیت اجتماعی- اقتصادی و بالیدگی با خودپندارۀ بدنی دختران نوجوان. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ‌ارشد رفتار حرکتی. دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تربیت معلم تهران.
فروغی، ز.، زینعلی، ش.، و اکبری، ب (1396). نقش آرزوها، نیازهای روان‌شناختی بنیادین، خودشناسی انسجامی، شفقت خود در پیش‌بینی اضطراب مرگ. مجلۀ پیشرفت‌های نوین در علوم رفتاری. 2(13)، 48-31.
کارشکی، ح.، گراوند، ه.، و دهقانی نیشابوری، م. (1391). نقش شکاف بین اهداف و آرزوها و شانس دستیابی به آن‌ها در شادکامی دانشجویان. پژوهش‌های روان‌شناسی بالینی و مشاوره. 2(2)، 154-133.
کشکر، س.، و خوارزمی، ک. (1394). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعۀ ورزش در پارک‌ها. دومین کنفرانس بین‌المللی پژوهش‌های نوین در مدیریت و مهندسی صنایع. 27 اسفندماه، تهران، ایران.
هومن، ح. ع. (1385). تحلیل داده‌های چندمتغیری در پژوهش رفتاری. تهران: مؤسسۀ چاپ و انتشارات پیک فرهنگ.
جان‌بزرگی، م (1378). بررسی اثربخشی درمان‌گری کوتاه‌مدت با و بدون جهت‌گیری مذهبی بر مهار اضطراب و تنیدگی. رسالۀ دکتری روان‌شناسی. دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 5(4), 432.
 
Auerbach, R. P., Webb, C. A., Schreck, M., McWhinnie, C. M., Ho, M.-H. R., Zhu, X., & Yao, S. (2011). Examining the pathway through which intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations generate stress and subsequent depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 30(8), 856-886.
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Escaping the self: Alcoholism, spirituality, masochism, and other flights from the burden of selfhood. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (2009). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bradshaw, E. L., Sahdra, B. K., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P. D., Martos, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2019). A configural approach to aspirations: The social breadth of aspiration profiles predicts well-being over and above the intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations that comprise the profiles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 120(1), 226–256.
Comrey, A. L. (1978). Common methodological problems in factor analytic studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 46(4), 648-659.
Duriez, B., Meeus, J., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2012). Why are some people more susceptible to ingroup threat than others? The importance of a relative extrinsic to intrinsic value orientation. Journal of Research in Personality. 46(2), 164-172.
Duriez, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & De Witte, H. (2007). The social costs of extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal pursuits: Their relation with social dominance and racial and ethnic prejudice. Journal of Personality. 75(4), 757-782.
Feagin, J. R. (1964). Prejudice and religious types: A focused study of Southern fundamentalists. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 4(1), 3-13.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment. 7(3), 286-299.
Grouzet, F. M., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Dols, J. M. F., Kim, Y., Lau, S. Ryan, R. M., Saunders, S., Schmuck, P. & Sheldon, K. M. (2005). The structure of goal contents across 15 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89(5), 800-816.
Henderson-King, D., & Mitchell, A. M. (2011). Do materialism, intrinsic aspirations, and meaning in life predict students’ meanings of education? Social Psychology of Education. 14(1), 119-134.
Hope, N. H., Holding, A. C., Verner-Filion, J., Sheldon, K. M., & Koestner, R. (2019). The path from intrinsic aspirations to subjective well-being is mediated by changes in basic psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation: A large prospective test. Motivation and Emotion. 43(2), 232-241.
Kasser, T. (1996). Aspirations and well-being in a prison setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 26(15), 1367-1377.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic coals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 22(3), 280-287.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck., & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 116–131). Cambridge, MA, United States: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Kline RB.(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Martos, T., & Kopp, M., S. (2011). life goals and well-being: does financial status matter? Evidence from a representative Hungarian sample. Social indicators research. 105(3), 561-568.
Minkov, M. (2009). Predictors of differences in subjective well-being across 97 nations. Cross-Cultural Research. 43(2), 152-179.
Mueller, R. O. (1999). Basic principles of structural equation modeling: An introduction to LISREL and EQS. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.  
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2009). Aspiring to physical health: The role of aspirations for physical health in facilitating longterm tobacco abstinence. Patient Education and Counseling. 74(2), 250-257.
Nishimura, T., & Suzuki, T. (2016). Aspirations and life satisfaction in Japan: The big five personality makes clear. Personality and individual Differences. 97(2016), 300-305.
 Olčar, D., Rijavec, M., & Golub, T. L. (2019). Primary school teachers’ life satisfaction: The role of life goals, basic psychological needs and flow at work. Current Psychology. 38(2), 320-329.
Otero-López, J. M., & Villardefrancos, E. (2015). Compulsive buying and life aspirations: An analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Individual Differences. 76(2015), 166-170.
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65(3), 586–596.
SabzehAra, M., Ferguson, Y. L., Sarafraz, M. R., & Mohammadi, M. (2014). An investigation of the associations between contingent self-worth and aspirations among Iranian university students. The Journal of Social Psychology. 154(1), 59-73.
Sagiv, L., Roccas, S., & Hazan, O. (2004). Value pathways to well-being: Healthy values, valued goal attainment, and environmental congruence. Positive Psychology in Practice. 4(2), 68-85.
Sheldon, K. M., Gunz, A., Nichols, C. P., & Ferguson, Y. (2010). Extrinsic value orientation and affective forecasting: Overestimating the rewards, underestimating the costs. Journal of Personality. 78(1), 149-178.
Thgersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., & Nikitaras, N. (2010). Unhealthy weight control behaviours in adolescent girls: A process model based on self-determination theory. Psychology and Health. 25(5), 535-550.
 Vansteenkiste, M., Duriez, B., Simons, J., & Soenens, B. (2006). Materialistic values and well-being among business students: Further evidence of their detrimental effect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 36(12), 2892-2908.
Veenhoven, R. (1999). Quality-of-life in individualistic society. Social Indicators Research. 48(2), 159-188.
Veenhoven, R. (2003). Hedonism and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies. 4(4), 437–457.
Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. (2012). Eating regulation and bulimic symptoms: The differential correlates of health-focused and appearance-focused eating regulation. Body Image. 9(1), 108-117.
Wong, N. Y., & Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and Western societies. Psychology & Marketing. 15(5), 423-441.
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 12, Issue 3
December 2021
Pages 129-155

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics