Efficacy of Neurofeedback on Decision-Making and Planning Ability in People with Opioid Use Disorder

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc, Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz,, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Persian Gulf , Bushehr, Iran

3 MSc student, Educational Psychology, University Of Shiraz, International Division, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback on executive functions in people with opioid use disorder. It was an applied and quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the study included subjects who had gone to Shafa addiction treatment clinic in Bushehr city in 2020. The number of 29 male subjects with opioid use disorder was divided into two experimental groups (number = 14; mean age = 43.79; standard deviation = 9.8) and a control group (number = 15; averageage= 44.60; standard deviation = 8.6), which were left to chance. Prior to the application of training, the pretest was administered using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) or the Tower of London Test (TOL) to measure decision-making and planning ability. After the application of the neurofeedback training, a posttest was administered to the participants. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-26 software showed that neurofeedback training had a significant effect on decision-making ability, leading to better preference in participants’ decisions with an effect size of 0.783. In contrast, the aforementioned method showed no significant difference in planning ability. The results of the present study indicate that neurofeedback training can have an effect on decision-making ability and that this method can be used to reduce risk-taking in people with opioid use disorder.

اختیاری، ح.، و بهزادی، آ. (۱۳۸۰الف). قشر پره فرونتال، اختلالات تصمیم‌گیری و آزمون‌های ارزیابی‌کننده. تازه‌های علوم شناختی. ۳(۳)، 86-64.
اختیاری، ح.، و بهزادی، آ. (۱۳۸۰ب). ارزیابی ساختار تصمیم‌گیری مخاطره‌آمیز: شواهدی از یک تفاوت بین‌فرهنگی. تازه‌های علوم شناختی. ۳(۴)، 48-36.
اختیاری، ح.، بهزادی، آ.، جنتی، ع.، و مکری، آ. (1383). دفعات باخت و مقادیر آن: کدام یک تأثیر منفی بیشتری بر ما می‌گذارد؟. تازه‌های علوم شناختی. ۶(۳-۴)، 27-17.
اکبری چرمهینی، ص.، سجادی‌نژاد، م.، شفیعی‌تبار، م.، و سپهوند، ت. (1397). کنترل شناختی دو گروه نوجوانان دارای تمایل زیاد و کم به اعتیاد: یک مطالعۀ مقایسه‌ای. تازه‌های علوم شناختی. ۲۰(۱)، 56-47.
انجمن روان‌پزشکی آمریکا (1396). راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلال‌های روانی (DSM5). ترجمۀ فرزین رضاعی، علی فخرایی، آتوسا فرمند، علی نیلوفری، ژانت هاشمی آذر و فرهاد شاملو. تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.
بهرامی احسان، ه. (1393). اعتیاد و فرایند پیشگیری. تهران: سمت.
خدادادی، م.، ساعد امید، ح.، و امانی، ح. (1393). نرم‌افزار تکلیف قمار آیوا. تهران: مؤسسۀ تحقیقات علوم رفتاری-شناختی سینا.
خدادادی، م.، مشهدی، ع.، و امانی، ح. (1393). نرم‌افزار برج لندن. تهران: مؤسسۀ تحقیقات علوم رفتاری-شناختی سینا.
مرکز آمار ایران (1399). سالنامۀ آماری کشور 1397. تهران: دفتر ریاست، روابط عمومی و همکاری‌های بین‌الملل.
فردنبرگ، ج. و سیلورمن، گ. (1399). علوم شناختی: مقدمه‌ای بر مطالعۀ ذهن. ترجمۀ گروه مترجمان. تهران: مؤسسۀ آموزشی و تحقیقاتی صنایع دفاعی، مرکز آینده‌پژوهی علوم و فناوری دفاعی.
واقف، ل.، و برزگر، ر. (1397). تأثیر تحریک الکتریکی متناوب فراجمجمه‌ای مغز (tACS) بر توانایی برنامه‌ریزی در افراد دارای اختلال مصرف توأم هرویین و مت‌آمفتامن. کنفرانس ملی دستاوردهای نوین جهان در تعلیم و تربیت، روان‌شناسی، حقوق و مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی. چهارشنبه، 30 خرداد. خوی، ایران.
Aram, S., Levy, L., Patel, J. B., Anderson, A. A., Zaragoza, R., Dashtestani, H., Chowdhry, F. A., Gandjbakhche, A., & Tracy, J. K. (2019). The Iowa gambling task: A review of the historical evolution, scientific basis, and use in functional neuroimaging. SAGE Open, 9(3), 2158244019856911.
Basharpoor, S., Heidari, F., & Molavi, P. (2019). EEG coherence in theta, alpha, and beta bands in frontal regions and executive functions. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 28(3), 310-317.
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1-3), 7-15.
Cheng, G. L., Liu, Y. P., Chan, C. C., So, K. F., Zeng, H., & Lee, T. M. (2015). Neurobiological underpinnings of sensation seeking trait in heroin abusers. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(11), 1968-1980.
Dehghani-Arani, F., Rostami, R., & Nadali, H. (2013). Neurofeedback training for opiate addiction: improvement of mental health and craving. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 38(2), 133-141.
Domínguez-Salas, S., Díaz-Batanero, C., Lozano-Rojas, O. M., & Verdejo-García, A. (2016). Impact of general cognition and executive function deficits on addiction treatment outcomes: Systematic review and discussion of neurocognitive pathways. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 772-801.
Fırıncık, S., & Gürhan, N. (2019). The effect of problem-solving ability on suicide, depression, and hopelessness in cigarette, alcohol, or substance addicts and relationships with each other. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(1), 39-47.
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 12(11), 652–669.
Gould, T. J. (2010). Addiction and cognition. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 5(2), 4.
Hammond, D. C. (2011). What is neurofeedback: An update. Journal of Neurotherapy, 15(4), 305-336.
Heinze-Köhler, K. (2014). The role of left and right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in planning: a brain stimulation approach (Doctoral dissertation, Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 2014).
Hu, B., Dong, Q., Hao, Y., Zhao, Q., Shen, J., & Zheng, F. (2017). Effective brain network analysis with resting-state EEG data: a comparison between heroin abstinent and non-addicted subjects. Journal of Neural Engineering, 14(4), 046002.
Kaller, C. P., Rahm, B., Spreer, J., Weiller, C., & Unterrainer, J. M. (2011). Dissociable contributions of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in planning. Cerebral Cortex, 21(2), 307-317.
Koob, G. F. (2020). Neurobiology of opioid addiction: opponent process, hyperkatifeia, and negative reinforcement. Biological Psychiatry, 87(1), 44-53.
Koob, G. F. (2021). Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development. Pharmacological Reviews, 73(1), 163-201.
Krikorian, R., Bartok, J., & Gay, N. (1994). Tower of London procedure: a standard method and developmental data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16(6), 840-850.
Li, X., Lu, Z. L., D'Argembeau, A., Ng, M., & Bechara, A. (2010). The Iowa gambling task in fMRI images. Human Brain Mapping, 31(3), 410-423.
Lin, H. C., Wang, P. W., Wu, H. C., Ko, C. H., Yang, Y. H., & Yen, C. F. (2018). Altered gray matter volume and disrupted functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in men with heroin dependence. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 72(6), 435-444.
Loeber, S., Nakovics, H., Kniest, A., Kiefer, F., Mann, K., & Croissant, B. (2012). Factors affecting cognitive function of opiate-dependent patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120(1-3), 81-87.
Nakamura-Palacios, E. M., Lopes, I. B. C., Souza, R. A., Klauss, J., Batista, E. K., Conti, C. L., Moscon, J. A & de Souza, R. S. M. (2016). Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a target of the dorsolateral prefrontal modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in drug addiction. Journal of Neural Transmission, 123(10), 1179-1194.
Newman, S. D., Carpenter, P. A., Varma, S., & Just, M. A. (2003). Frontal and parietal participation in problem solving in the Tower of London: fMRI and computational modeling of planning and high-level perception. Neuropsychologia, 41(12), 1668-1682.
Owen, A. M. (1997). Cognitive planning in humans: neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological perspectives. Progress in Neurobiology, 53(4), 431-450.
Polunina, A. G., & Davydov, D. M. (2004). EEG spectral power and mean frequencies in early heroin abstinence. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 28(1), 73-82.
Potenza, M. N. (2014). The neural bases of cognitive processes in gambling disorder. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(8), 429-438.
Potenza, M. N., Balodis, I. M., Derevensky, J., Grant, J. E., Petry, N. M., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Yip, S. W. (2019). Gambling disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 1-21.
Ross, S. M. (2013). Neurofeedback: an integrative treatment of substance use disorders. Holistic Nursing Practice, 27(4), 246-250.
Sebold, M., Müller, C. A., Garbusow, M., Charlet, K., & Heinz, A. (2021). Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence. In Textbook of Addiction Treatment (pp. 9-20). Springer, Switzerland, Cham.
Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 298(1089), 199-209.
Shepard, J. C. (2015). Neurofeedback Training for Substance Use Disorders: A Review of the Applicability in Treatment. VISTAS Online, 68, 1-13.
Sherlin, L. H., Arns, M., Lubar, J., Heinrich, H., Kerson, C., Strehl, U., & Sterman, M. B. (2011). Neurofeedback and basic learning theory: implications for research and practice. Journal of Neurotherapy, 15(4), 292-304.
Sokhadze, T. M., Cannon, R. L., & Trudeau, D. L. (2008). EEG biofeedback as a treatment for substance use disorders: review, rating of efficacy, and recommendations for further research. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 33(1), 1-28.
Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Aupperle, R. L., & Bodurka, J. (2019). Forging neuroimaging targets for recovery in opioid use disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 117.
Sun, B., Zhou, X., & Lin, N. (2020). Diversified binary relation-based fuzzy multigranulation rough set over two universes and application to multiple attribute group decision making. Information Fusion, 55, 91-104.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). World Drug Report 2020 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E. 20. XI. 6).
Verdejo-Garcia, A., Chong, T. T. J., Stout, J. C., Yücel, M., & London, E. D. (2018). Stages of dysfunctional decision-making in addiction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 164, 99-105.
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2003). The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(10), 1444-1451.
Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363-371.
Zhao, Q., Li, H., Hu, B., Wu, H., & Liu, Q. (2017). Abstinent heroin addicts tend to take risks: ERP and source localization. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 681.