The Impact of a School-based Self-injury Prevention Program on Adolescent Girls' Risk-Taking and Metaemotions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Allameh-Tabatabai, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Allameh-Tabatabai, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of General Psychology, Faculty of psychology and Educational Science, University of Gilan, Rasht, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of a school-based self-injury prevention program on adolescents’ risk taking and metaemotions. The study has an applied objective and a quasi-experimental design, with experimental and control groups and follow-up. In 2019-2020, the statistical population comprised all adolescent females attending Rasht schools who had self-inflicted at least once. The sample consisted of 34 adolescents who had self-inflicted injuries and had been randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data was collected using two scales: “Iranian adolescents’ risk” (IARS) and meta-emotion (MS). The experimental group received 16 sessions of self-injury prevention training (twice per week), while the control group received no training. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS-25 software. P <0.001 indicated a significant effect of the training program on decreasing risk taking, negative emotion, and increasing positive emotion. During the follow-up phase, the risk-taking variable and the subcomponent of interest in metaemotion were not positively affected by the components of alcohol orientation, relationship to sexual orientation and behavior, and orientation to the opposite sex. Effectiveness of an educational package consisting of emotion regulation training, cognitive reconstruction, and… in reducing risk, reducing negative metaemotions, and increasing positive metaemotions in adolescent females. According to the results, interventions can be recommended to prevent self-injury in schools.

Keywords

References

احدیان‌فرد، پ.، اصغرنژاد فرید، ع. ا.، لواسانی، ف.، و عاشوری، ا. (1396). نقش مؤلفه‌های شناختی، فراشناختی و فراهیجانی در پیش‌بینی پریشانی هیجانی در دانشجویان. مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران. 23(2)، 191-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.2.178
آوجیان، علی (1396). پیش‌بینی خطرپذیری براساس کاهش ارزش تعویقی و حافظۀ آینده‌نگر. پایان‌نامۀکارشناسی ارشد علوم شناختی. گرایش روان‌شناسی شناختی. دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی. دانشگاه کردستان.
پارسا، ک.، نیک‌منش، ز.، و جناآبادی، ح. (1399). تأثیر فراهیجان بر تمایزیافتگی خود با واسطه‌گری خودشفقتی دانش‌آموزان. دوفصلنامۀ علمی جامعه‌شناسی آموزش و پرورش، 6(2)، 124-114. https://www.iase-jrn.ir/article_242036.html
جعفریان، م.، و عسکری، م.(1397). مقایسۀ تحریفات شناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در افراد معتاد و غیر معتاد. مجلۀ رویش روان‌شناسی. 7(11)، 272-259. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1397.7.11.3.2
رضایی، ن. م.، پارسایی، ا.، نجاتی، ع.، نیک آمال، م.، و هاشمی رزینی، س. (1393). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس فراهیجان دانشجویان. فصلنامۀ تحقیقات روان‌شناختی. 6(23)، 124-111.
زاده‌محمدی، ع.، احمدآبادی، ز.، و حیدری، م. (1389). تدوین و بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس خطرپذیری نوجوانان ایرانی. مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران. 17(3)، 225-218.
شیخ‌الاسلامی، ر.، و طاهری، ژ. (1396). تبیین علی سرزندگی تحصیلی براساس دلبستگی به والدین و همسالان و تنظیم شناختی هیجان. روش‌ها و مدل‌های روان‌شناختی، 8(29)، 22-1.      https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22285516.1396.8.29.1.0
محمدی، ل.، تنها، ز.، و رحمانی، س. (1395). رابطۀ بین راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان و رفتارهای پرخطر به‌واسطۀ حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده. پژوهش‌های نوین روان‌شناختی. 10(39)، 183-157.
‌
References
Ahadianfard, P., Asgharnejad Farid, A. A., Lavasani, F., & Ashoori, A. (2017). The role of cognitive, metacognitive, and meta-emotional components in prediction of emotional distress in students. IJPCP, 23(2), 178-191. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2538-fa.html (in Persian)
Andover, M. S., Schatten, H. T., Morris, B. W., Holman, C. S., & Miller, I. W. (2017). An intervention for nonsuicidal self-injury in young adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(6), 620-631. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000206.
Athey, A., Overholser, J., Bagge, C., Dieter, L., Vallender, E., & Stockmeier, C. A. (2018). Risk-taking behaviors and stressors differentially predict suicidal preparation, non-fatal suicide attempts, and suicide deaths. Psychiatry Research, 270, 160-167.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.032
Avajian, A. (2016). Risk prediction based on deferred depreciation and prospective memory. Thesis for Master’s Degree in Cognitive Sciences. Cognitive Psychology. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. The University of Kordestan. (in Persian)
Bentley, K. H., Cassiello-Robbins, C. F., Vittorio, L., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2015). The association between nonsuicidal self-injury and the emotional disorders: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 72-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.006
Berger, E., Hasking, P., & Reupert, A. (2014). We’re working in the dark here”: Education needs of teachers and school staff regarding student self-injury. School Mental Health, 6(3), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-013-9114-4
Berger, E., Hasking, P., & Reupert, A. (2015). Developing a Policy to Address Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Schools. Journal of School Health, 85(9), 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12292
Blankenstein, N. E., Telzer, E. H., Do, K. T., Van Duijvenvoorde, A. C., & Crone, E. A. (2020). Behavioral and neural pathways supporting the development of prosocial and risk‐taking behavior across adolescence. Child development, 91(3), e665-e681. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13292
Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Simms, T., Limberger, M. F., Schmahl, C., Unckel, C., Lieb, K., & Linehan, M. M. (2004). Effectiveness of inpatient dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: a controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(5), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00174-8
Brener, N., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Grunbaum, J. A., Whalen, L., Eaton, D., Hawkins, J., & Ross, J. (2004). Methodolgy of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 53. 1-13.
Brunner, R., Kaess, M., Parzer, P., Fischer, G., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., ... & Wasserman, D. (2014). Life‐time prevalence and psychosocial correlates of adolescent direct self‐injurious behavior: A comparative study of findings in 11 European countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(4), 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12166
 Burke, T. A., Fox, K., Kautz, M. M., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Bettis, A. H., & Alloy, L. B. (2021). Self-critical and self-punishment cognitions differentiate those with and without a history of nonsuicidal self-Injury: An ecological momentary assessment study. Behavior Therapy, 52(3), 686-697.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.08.006
Caton, C. L. (2018). Developing a new model of understanding self-injury in secure settings: the role of risk, protective and attitude factors. Doctoral dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston Lancashire, UK.‌ https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/24014/
Chapman, A. L., & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2007). Emotional antecedents and consequences of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(5), 543-552.‌ https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.543
Chen, W. L., & Chun, C. C. (2019). Association between emotion dysregulation and distinct groups of non-suicidal self-injury in Taiwanese female adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183361
De Riggi, M. E., Moumne, S., Heath, N. L., & Lewis, S. P. (2017). Non-suicidal self-injury in our schools: A review and research-informed guidelines for school mental health professionals. Canadian journal of school psychology, 32(2), 122-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573516645563
Favazza, A. R. (1996). Bodies under siege: Self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry (2nd Edition). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.‌
Ghinea, D., Koenig, J., Parzer, P., Brunner, R., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Sarchiapone, M., Wasserman, D., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2019). Longitudinal development of risk-taking and self-injurious behavior in association with late adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 273, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.010
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243.‌ https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
Gratz, K. L., Spitzen, T. L., & Tull, M. T. (2020). Expanding our understanding of the relationship between nonsuicidal self‐injury and suicide attempts: The roles of emotion regulation self‐efficacy and the acquired capability for suicide. Journal of clinical psychology, 76(9), 1653-1667. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22950
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological inquiry, 26(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
Gullone, E., Moore, S., Moss, S., & Boyd, C. (2000). The adolescent risk-taking questionnaire: Development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of adolescent research, 15(2), 231-250.‌ https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0743558400152003
Hasking, P., Dawkins, J., Gray, N., Wijeratne, P., & Boyes, M. (2020). Indirect effects of family functioning on non-Suicidal self-injury and risky drinking: The roles of emotion reactivity and emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2070-2079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01722-4
Hooley, J. M., Fox, K. R., & Boccagno, C. (2020). Nonsuicidal self-injury: diagnostic challenges and current perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S198806
Horváth, L. O., Győri, D., Komáromy, D., Mészáros, G., Szentiványi, D., & Balázs, J. (2020). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide: the role of life events in clinical and non-clinical populations of adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 370. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00370.
Jacobson, C. M., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Miller, A. L., & Turner, J. B. (2008). Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 363-375.‌ https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410801955771.
jafarian M, askari M. (2019). Comparison Cognitive Distortions and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Addicts and non-Addicts. Rooyesh, 7(11), 259-272.
http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1397.7.11.3.2 (in Persian)
Jäger, C., & Bartsch, A. (2006). Meta-emotions. Grazer Philosophische Studien, 73(1), 179-204. https://doi.org/10.1163/18756735-073001011
Jessor, R. (1987). Problem‐behavior theory, psychosocial development, and adolescent problem drinking. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 331-342.‌
Jessor, R. (1987). Problem‐behavior theory, psychosocial development, and adolescent problem drinking. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01490.x
Kaess, M., Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Carli, V., Apter, A., Balazs, J. A., Bobes, J., Coman, H. G., Cosman, D., Cotter, P., Durkee, T., ... & Wasserman, D. (2014). Risk-behaviour screening for identifying adolescents with mental health problems in Europe. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 23(7), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0490-y
Katz, L. F., Maliken, A. C., & Stettler, N. M. (2012). Parental meta‐emotion philosophy: A review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Boyes, M., Claes, L., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demytte naere, K., Green, J. G., Kessler, R. C., Myin-Germeys, I., Nock, M. K., & Bruffaerts, R. (2018). The associations between non-suicidal self-injury and first onset suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.033
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). Non-suicidal self-injury: an introduction. Journal of clinical psychology, 63(11), 1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20411
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guilford press.‌
Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (Eds.). (1975). The delphi method (pp. 3-12). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.‌
Liu, S., You, J., Ying, J., Li, X., & Shi, Q. (2020). Emotion reactivity, nonsuicidal self-injury, and regulatory emotional self-efficacy: a moderated mediation model of suicide ideation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.083
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170700027X
Mager, R. F. (1972). Goal analysis.‌ Belmont, CA: Fearon Publishing.
Mandler, J. A. (1998). Modeling for Control Analysis and Design in Complex Industrial Separation and Liquefaction Processes. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 31(11), 403-411.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-6670(17)44960-3
Marraccini, M. E., Brick, L. A., Weyandt, L. L., Francis, A., Clarkin, C., & Fang, Y. (2019). Effects of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and sexual risk-taking behaviors through emotional control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 249, 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.041
Meszaros, G., Horvath, L. O., & Balazs, J. (2017). Self-injury and externalizing pathology: a systematic literature review. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1326-y
Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2019). Meta-emotions and the complexity of human emotional experience. New Ideas in Psychology, 55, 42-49.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.05.001
Mills, K. L., Goddings, A. L., Clasen, L. S., Giedd, J. N., & Blakemore, S. J. (2014). The developmental mismatch in structural brain maturation during adolescence. Developmental Neuroscience, 36(3-4), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362328
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T. N., Höfer, S., & Schüßler, G. (2009). When you don’t like what you feel: Experiential avoidance, mindfulness and meta-emotion in emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.013
Mohammadi, L., Tanha, Z., & Rahmani, S. (2015). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and risk-taking behaviors through perceived social support. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 10(39),157-183. (in Persian)
Moran, P., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Degenhardt, L., Borschmann, R., & Patton, G. C. (2015). Substance use in adulthood following adolescent self‐harm: a population‐based cohort study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 131(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12306
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Williams, K. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Claes, L. (2009). Rates of non-suicidal self-injury in high school students across five years. Archives of Suicide Research, 13(4), 317-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110903266368
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258
Ougrin, D., Tranah, T., Stahl, D., Moran, P., & Asarnow, J. R. (2015). Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009
Parsa, K., Nikmanesh, Z., & Jenaabadi, H. (2021). The Impact of Meta-Emotion on Self-Differentiation with the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in Students. Journals of Sociology of Education, 6(2), 114-124. https://www.iase-jrn.ir/article_242036.html (in Persian)
Peh, C. X., Shahwan, S., Fauziana, R., Mahesh, M. V., Sambasivam, R., Zhang, Y., Ong, S. H., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2017). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking child maltreatment exposure and self-harm behaviors in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.013
Perez, J., Venta, A., Garnaat, S., & Sharp, C. (2012). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: Factor structure and association with nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(3), 393-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9292-7
Peterson, A. L., Chen, J. I., Karver, M. S., & Labouliere, C. D. (2019). Frustration with feeling: Latent classes of non-suicidal self-injury and emotion regulation difficulties. Psychiatry Research, 275, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.014
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15(6), 425-448.‌
Rabinowitz, J. A., Osigwe, I., Drabick, D. A., & Reynolds, M. D. (2016). Negative emotional reactivity moderates the relations between family cohesion and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.09.007
‌ Robinson, K., Garisch, J. A., Kingi, T., Brocklesby, M., O’Connell, A., Langlands, R. L., Russell, L., & Wilson, M. S. (2019). Reciprocal risk: The longitudinal relationship between emotion regulation and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(2), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0450-6
Rezaee, N., Parsaee, A., Nejati, A., NikAmal, M., & HashemiRazini, S. (2013). Psychometric Properties of Students’ Metaemotion Scale. Psychological Research, 6(33), 111-124. (in Persian)
Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(2), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001
Salvi, C., & Bowden, E. (2020). The relation between state and trait risk taking and problem-solving. Psychological Research, 84(5), 1235-1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01152-y
Schotte, D. E., & Clum, G. A. (1987). Problem-solving skills in suicidal psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 49.‌
Shaikholeslami, R., & Taheri, Z. (2017). Causal explanation of academic buoyancy based on parental and peer attachment, and cognitive emotion regulation. Psychological Methods and Models, 8(29), 1-22. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22285516.1396.8.29.1.0 (in Persian)
Shapero, B. G., Farabaugh, A., Terechina, O., DeCross, S., Cheung, J. C., Fava, M., & Holt, D. J. (2019). Understanding the effects of emotional reactivity on depression and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: Moderating effects of childhood adversity and resilience. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.033
Sim, L., Adrian, M., Zeman, J., Cassano, M., & Friedrich, W. N. (2009). Adolescent deliberate self‐harm: Linkages to emotion regulation and family emotional climate. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(1), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00582.x
Sorgi, K. M., Ammerman, B. A., Cheung, J. C., Fahlgren, M. K., Puhalla, A. A., & McCloskey, M. S. (2021). Relationships between non-suicidal self-injury and other maladaptive behaviors: beyond difficulties in emotion regulation. Archives of Suicide Research, 25(3), 530-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1715906
Tang, J., Ma, Y., Guo, Y., Ahmed, N. I., Yu, Y., & Wang, J. (2013). Association of aggression and non-suicidal self-injury: a school-based sample of adolescents. PLoS One, 8(10), Article e78149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078149
Toste, J. R., & Heath, N. L. (2010). School response to non-suicidal self-injury. The Prevention Researcher, 17(1), 14-18.
Turner, B. J., Yiu, A., Layden, B. K., Claes, L., Zaitsoff, S., & Chapman, A. L. (2015). Temporal associations between disordered eating and nonsuicidal self-injury: examining symptom overlap over 1 year. Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.002
Van Orden, K. A., Merrill, K. A., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2005). Interpersonal-psychological precursors to suicidal behavior: A theory of attempted and completed suicide. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 1(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573400054065541
You, J., Ren, Y., Zhang, X., Wu, Z., Xu, S., & Lin, M. P. (2018). Emotional dysregulation and nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychiatry, 8(2), 733-748. https://doi.org/10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000399
Zadeh Mohammadi A., Ahmadabadi Z., & Heidari, M. (2011) Construction and assessment of psychometric features of Iranian adolescents risk-taking scale. IJPCP, 17(3), 218-225.
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1417-fa.html (in Persian)
Zelkowitz, R. L., Porter, A. C., Heiman, E. R., & Cole, D. A. (2017). Social exposure and emotion dysregulation: Main effects in relation to nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 94-103.
Zetterqvist, M., Lundh, L. G., Dahlström, Ö., & Svedin, C. G. (2013). Prevalence and function of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a community sample of adolescents, using suggested DSM-5 criteria for a potential NSSI disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 759-773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9712-5
Zetterqvist, M., Svedin, C. G., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., & Jonsson, L. S. (2018). Self-reported nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and sex as self-injury (SASI): Relationship to abuse, risk behaviors, trauma symptoms, self-esteem and attachment. Psychiatry Research, 265, 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.013
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 14, Issue 2
2023
Pages 19-38

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 July 2021
  • Revise Date: 20 October 2021
  • Accept Date: 30 October 2021
  • First Publish Date: 08 July 2023
  • Publish Date: 23 July 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics