Factor Structure and Gender Invariance of Work Hope Scale

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Work Hope scale. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The research sample comprised the enrolled students of Isfahan University in the year 2021. Composed of 292 pupils (188 female and 104 male), the sample was compiled using a proportional stratified sampling method. For data collection, the Work Hope Scale and the General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were used. AMOS-25 software was utilized to assess convergent validity and one-group and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses in order to ascertain the validity. The estimation of internal consistency was performed using SPSS-19 as a reliability indicator. The results of a one-group confirmatory factor analysis validated the measurement model in which objectives, agency, and pathway were considered as first-order factors and work optimism as a second-order factor. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis examining the relationship between gender and measurement weights, structural covariance, and measurement residuals revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) was observed between overall self-efficacy and work aspiration. Furthermore, the estimated Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the objectives, agency, and pathway subscales were 0.90, 0.71, and 0.74, respectively, for the entire scale. The results of the measurement invariance tests indicated that the conceptual paradigm for comprehending the work hope constructs is identical among males and females, suggesting that this scale may be suitable for use with both genders.

Keywords

References

بختیاری براتی، س. (1376). بررسی رابطۀ ساده و چندگانۀ متغیرهای خوداثربخش، عزت‌نفس و خودیابی با عملکرد تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان سال سوم نظام جدید شهر اهواز. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی تربیتی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10824187-61641
پهلوان شریف، س.، و مهدیان، و. (1394). مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری با Amos. تهران: بیشه.
شماعی‌زاده، م.، و عابدی، م. ر. (1384). تأثیر مشــاورۀ شغلی بـرافزایش خودکارآمدی کارآفرینی دانشـجویان دانشگاه اصـفهان. دانش و پـژوهش در روان‌شناسی. 7(23)، 38-29. لینک
صالحی، ر.، و جعفری، م. (1400). امید به آیندۀ شغلی: یک مداخلۀ شناخت‌محور. پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مشاوره. 4(12)، 67-43. https://www.jarci.ir/article_244222.html?lang=fa
قاسمی، و. (1392). مدلسازی معادلۀ ساختاری در پژوهش‌های اجتماعی با کاربرد Amos graphics. تهران: جامعه‌شناسان.
قنبری، ن.، آریانپور، ح. م.، و صالحی، ر. (1400). بررسی تأثیر مشاورۀ گروهی راه‌حل‌محور بر امید شغلی دانش‌آموزان. پژوهش‌های علوم شناختی و رفتاری. 10(18)، 168-157. https://doi.org/10.22108/cbs.2021.127280.1489
گنجی ارجنگی، م.، و فراهانی، م.ن. (1388). رابطۀ استرس شـغلی و خودکارآمدی با رضایت از زنـدگی در امـدادگران حـوادث گـاز استان اصفهان. پژوهش در سلامت روان‌شناختی. 2(3)، 24-15. لینک
References
Akbarzadeh, M., Mostafavi, M., Mirzaee, A., Asadi, S., Hashemzadeh, A., & Reyhani Nahr, A. (2014). Relationship between Time perspective and work hope. Bulletin of Environment. Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3, 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845319840437
Bakhtiari Barati, S. (1996). Investigating the simple and multiple relationship of self-efficacy, self-esteem and self-discovery variables with academic performance in the third-year students of the new system in Ahvaz city. Master's thesis in Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10824187-61641 (in Persian).
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 399-410. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399
Betz, N. E., Klein, K., & Taylor, K. M. (1995). Evaluation of a short from of the Career Decision Making Self- Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400103
Byrne, B. M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: basic concepts, applications and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. https://books.google.com/books
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., Scott, K. L., & Tepper, B. J. (2006). The moderating roles of self- esteem and neuroticism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 106–77. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1066
Gangi Arjangi, M., & Farahani, M. N. (2008). The Relationship between Job Stress and Self Efficacy with Life Satisfaction in Gas accident workers from Isfahan Gas Company. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 10(18), 157-168. Link. (In Persian)
Garcia, E. (2018). Career Information System Utilization and High School Students’ Vocational Skills Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectations, Work Hope, Career Planning, and Career Decision-Making Difficulties. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon. https://search.proquest.com/openview/f7d51b6bc3e0b905a03f4b2ce5a69077/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
Geisinger, K. F. (1994). Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304
 Ghanbari, N., Aryanpour, H., & Salehi, R. (2020). A Study of the effect of Solution-focused Group Counseling on Students Work Hope. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.22108/cbs.2021.127280.1489 (In Persian)
Ghasemi, V. (2011). Structural Equation Modeling in Social Research Using Amos Graphics. Tehran: Sociologists. (In Persian)
Guion, D. (2013). Work hope and the socioemotional functioning of offenders. (p. 257–300). Doctoral Dissertation of Virginia Commonwealth University. https://search.proquest.com/openview/b4a28b2fa28494eb28d21d5add8b89db/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling technique. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76-83. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/5168
Juntunen, C. L., & Wettersten, K. B. (2006). Work hope: Development and initial validation of a measure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.94
Kenny, M. E., Walsh-Blair, L. Y., Blustein, D. L., Bempechat, J. & Seltzer, J. (2010). Achievement motivation among urban adolescents: Work hope, autonomy support, and achievement-related beliefs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 205-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.005
Keramati, H., & Shahr-Arai, M. (2004). Investigating the relationship between self–perceived efficacy and performance on mathematics among junior high school students. Educational Innovations, 3(4), 103-115. https://noavaryedu.oerp.ir/article_78765.html (In Persian)
Kim, H. M. (2018). Relations among Work Hope, Career Attitude Maturity, and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy in Korean College Students. Journal of Digital Convergence, 16(3), 497- 504.‌ https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2018.16.3.497
Lapan, R. T., Hinkelman, J. M., Adams, A., & Turner, S. (1999). Understanding rural adolescents' interests, values, and efficacy expectations. Journal of Career Development, 26, 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018669417022
Marks, L. R., Çiftçi, A., & Lee, B. (2018). Dimensions of Acculturation and Work Hope in International Students. Journal of Employment Counseling, 55(3), 115-123.‌ https://doi.org/10.1002/joec.12091
O’Brien, K. M. (2003). Measuring career self-efficacy: Promoting confidence and happiness at work. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures, 109–126. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-007
Pahlevan Sharif, S., & Mahdian, V. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling by Amos. Tehran: Bisheh. (In Persian)
Robitschek, C. (2003). Vocational psychology assessment: Positive human characteristics leading to positive work outcomes. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-024
salehi, R., & Jafari, M. (2021). Work Hope: An Intervention cognitive-oriented. Applied Research in Consulting, 4(1), 43-67. https://www.jarci.ir/article_244222.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Shamaizadeh, M., & Abedi, M. R. (2004). The effect of career counseling on increasing the entrepreneurial self-efficacy of Isfahan University students. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 7(23), 29-38. Link. (In Persian)
Sivo, S. A., Fan, X., Witta, E. L. & Willse, J. T. (2006). The search for "optimal" cutoff properties: Fit index criteria in structural equation modeling. The Journal of Experimental Education, 74(3), 267-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.74.3.267-288
Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Publisher Academic Press (p.25-52). University of Kansas, Lawrence. https://books.google.com/books
Snyder, C. R., Hardi, S. S., Cheavens, J., Michael, S. T., Yamhure, L., & Sympson, S. (2000). The role of hope in cognitive-behavior therapies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 747–762. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005547730153
Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (p. 257–276). Oxford: University Press.
Sympson, S. (1999). Validation of the Domain Specific Hope Scale: Exploring hope in life domains. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas. https://search.proquest.com/openview/09178cfa021ede1d9d81807e5f2f44da/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Thompson, M. N., Her, P., & Nitzarim, S. R. (2013). Personal and contextual variables related to work hope among undergraduate students from underrepresented Backgrounds. Journal of Career Assessment, 30, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514814
Thompson, M. N., Nitzarim, R. S., Her, P., Sampe, M., & Diestelmann, J. (2017). Financial stress and work hope beliefs among adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(2), 254-267.‌ https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715621517
Wingate, J.A. (2020). Work Hope and Work Volition: Exploring the Influence of Community College Students’ Rurality and Socioeconomic Status. Virginia Commonwealth University. https://doi.org/10.25772/0A7A-6B07
Yakushko, O., & Sokolova, O. (2010). Work hope and influences of the career development among Ukrainian college students. Journal of Career Development, 36(4), 310-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845309345670
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 15, Issue 1
2024
Pages 133-148

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 05 April 2022
  • Revise Date: 03 May 2022
  • Accept Date: 08 June 2022
  • First Publish Date: 23 January 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 April 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics