Journal of Applied Psychological Research

The Structural Modeling of Depression in Adolescents through the Self-Esteem and Self-Compassion with Role Mediator of Co-Rumination

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

2 Department Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Rehabilitation and Social Health, Tehran. Iran.

3 Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the structural modeling of depression in adolescents, with a focus on self-esteem and self-compassion, and the function of co-rumination as a mediator. The correlation investigation conducted in this study employs structural equation modeling. The secondary school students of Tehran city in the academic year of 2021-2022 comprised the statistical population in this study. The sample size of 300 pupils was determined using the Kline model and the available online sampling method. The depression inventory-II (BDI-II), self-esteem scale (RSEs), self-compassion scale (SCS), and co-rumination questionnaire (CO-RQ) were utilized as data collection instruments. Statistical analysis of data was performed using AMOS-24 software. The results of the structural equation model demonstrated that self-esteem and self-compassion have the capacity to predict depression by role mediating co-rumination, both directly and indirectly. Thus, this finding can be employed to develop an intervention and a comprehensive approach for the reduction of depression symptoms in the adolescent community. In light of the significant role of self-esteem and self-compassion, it is recommended that we attempt to reduce the incidence of depression in adolescents by influencing co-rumination through the instruction of self-esteem and self-compassion techniques.

Keywords

برخورداری، م.، حجت‌خواه، م.، و صیدی م. (1401). بررسی نقش تعدیل‌کنندۀ خود شفقت‌ورزی و مثبت‌اندیشی در رابطۀ بین سبک‏های دلبستگی و شادکامی نوجوانان. نشریۀ رویش، 11(3)، 124-115. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1401.11.3.17.8
تنهای رشوانلو، ف.، ترکمنی، م.، میرشاهی، س.، حاجی بکلو، ن.، و کارشکی، ح. (1400). اعتباریابی و پایایی‌سنجی نسخۀ فارسی پرسشنامۀ نشخوار فکری مشترک. مجلۀ علمی و پژوهشی روان‌شناسی بالینی، 13(1)، 87-79. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2021.20312.1874
شریفی ساکی، ش.، علی پور، ا.، آقایوسفی، ع.، محمدی، م.، غباری بناب، ب.، و انبیایی، ر. (1397). بررسی رابطۀ صبر و شفقت به خود با افسردگی در زنان مبتلا به سرطان پستان. فصلنامۀ بیماری‌های پستان ایران، 11(2)، 45-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/acadpub.ijbd..11.2.36
فیروزبخت، س.، جوکار، ب.، فولادچنگ، م.، حسین چاری، م.، و فضیلت‌پور، م. (1398). طراحی بستۀ آموزشی رشد عزت نفس بهینه مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی و تأثیر آن برکاهش خشم و نشخوار خشم. دوماهنامۀ راهبردهای آموزش در علوم پزشکی، 12(5)، 110-99. http://edcbmj.ir/article-1-2062-fa.html
گلستانی بخت، ط.، بابایی، ا.، کریمی، م.، و احمدی، ع. (1401). رابطۀ شفقت به‌خود و خوش‌بینی در دانش‌آموزان: نقش واسطه‌ای سازگاری اجتماعی. نشریۀ علمی پژوهش‌های روان‌شناسی اجتماعی، 12(45)، 84-65. https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2022.314005.1699
وقار حسن پور، م.، جلالی، ی.، و طیب‌لی، م. (1399). مدل‌یابی روابط میان پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت و تاب‌آوری، با در نظر گرفتن عزت نفس به عنوان متغیر میانجی. مجلۀ علمی و پژوهشی روان‌شناسی و روان‌پزشکی شناخت، 7(4)، 92-78. https://doi.org/10.52547/shenakht.7.4.78
ویسی، س.، ایمانی، ص.، بواسحاقی، م.، افخمی، ن.، معارف‌وند، ا.، کاشفی، ف.، و ابراهیمی بجدنی، ف. (1401 الف). تمایز دانشجویان به دو گروه دارای اضطراب دفاع از پایان نامه تحصیلی پایین و بالا بر اساس استقامت تحصیلی و عزت نفس: تحلیل تشخیصی همزمان. پیشرفت‏های نوین در علوم رفتاری، 7(55)، 144-134. http://ijndibs.com/article-1-676-fa.html
ویسی، س.، ایمانی، ص.، سلوک، س.، معارف‌وند، ا.، دهقان نیری، م.، و ترابیان، س. (1401 ب). ساخت و بررسی ویژگی‏های روان‌سنجی مقیاس کوتاه تقلب تحصیلی آنلاین: تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی. مجلۀ پیشرفت‌های نوین در علوم رفتاری، 7(55)، 133-122. https://ijndibs.com/article-1-675-fa.html
References
American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Arslan, Ü., & Asıcı, E. (2021). The mediating role of solution focused thinking in relation between mindfulness and psychological well-being in university students. Current Psychology, 41, 8052–8061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01251-9
Barkhordari, M., Hojat Khah, M., & Seydi, M. S. (2022). Investigating the moderating role of self-compassion and positive thinking in the relationship between attachment styles and adolescents' happiness. Rooyesh, 11(3), 115-124. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-3523-en.html (In Persian)
Bastin, M., Luyckx, K., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2021). Co-rumination and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Prospective associations and the mediating role of brooding rumination. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01412-4
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 4(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000
Bendezú, J. J., Handley, E. D., Manly, J. T., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2022). Psychobiological foundations of coping and emotion regulation: Links to maltreatment and depression in a racially diverse, economically disadvantaged sample of adolescent girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 143, 105826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105826
Benli, Ö. S., & Bulut, S. (2022). Self-esteem and depression in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology, 6(2), 15-17. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12154/1793
Bryce, C. I., Alexander, B. L., Fraser, A. M., & Fabes, R. A. (2020). Dimensions of hope in adolescence: Relations to academic functioning and well‐being. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 171-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22311
Cummings, C., Lansing, A. H., Hadley, W., & Houck, C. D. (2023). Intervention impact on the perceived emotion regulation repertoire of adolescents at-risk for risky sexual behaviors. Emotion, 23(7), 2105–2109. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001199
Davidson, C. L., Grant, D. M., Byrd-Craven, J., Mills, A. C., Judah, M. R., & Lechner, W. V. (2014). Psychometric properties of the co-rumination questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.002
Di Tella, M., Ghiggia, A., Testa, S., Castelli, L., & Adenzato, M. (2019). The fear of pain questionnaire: Factor structure, validity and reliability of the Italian translation. PloS ONE, 14(1), e0210757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210757
Duinhof, E., Smid, S. C., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Stevens, G. W. J. M. (2020). Immigration background and adolescent mental health problems: The role of family affluence, adolescent educational level and gender. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01821-8
Dwekat, E., Al-amer, R. M., Al-Daraawi, H., & Saleh, M. Y. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Jordanian adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Youth & Society, 55(1), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X211041383
Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., Abdalla, S. M., Trinquart, L., Castrucci, B. C., Bork, R. H., & Galea, S. (2022). Assets, stressors, and symptoms of persistent depression over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances, 8(9), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9737
Faro, A., & Pereira, C. R. (2020). Factor structure and gender invariance of the beck depression inventory-second edition (BDI-II) in a community-dwelling sample of adults. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 8(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2020.1715222
Firoozbakht, S., Jowkar, B., Fouladchang, M., Hoseinchari, M., & Fazilatpoor, M. (2019). Developing an instructional package of optimal self-esteem based on mindfulness and its effectiveness on reducing anger and anger rumination. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences, 12(5), 99-110. http://edcbmj.ir/article-1-2062-en.html (In Persian)
Flett, G. L., Burdo, R., & Nepon, T. (2021). Mattering, insecure attachment, rumination, and self-criticism in distress among university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 1300–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00225-z
Gao, W., Luo, Y., Cao, X., & Liu, X. (2022). Gender differences in the relationship between self-esteem and depression among college students: A cross-lagged study from China. Journal of Research in Personality, 97, 104202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104202
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353-379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
Giulietti, C., Vlassopoulos, M., & Zenou, Y. (2022). Peers, gender, and long-term depression. European Economic Review, 144, 104084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104084
Golestanibakht, T., Babaie, E., Karimi, M., & Ahmadi, A. (2022). The relationship between self-compassion and optimism in students: The mediating role of social adjustment. Social Psychology Research, 12(45), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2022.314005.1699 (In Persian)
Hamilton, M. A. X. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6(4), 278-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x
Houle, L., Barker, E. T., De France, K., & Stack, D. M. (2022). Moderators of the association between co-rumination and depressive symptoms in emerging adult friendships. Emerging Adulthood, 11(2), 456-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968221121166
Joiner, T. E., Katz, J., & Lew, A. (1999). Harbingers of depressotypic reassurance seeking: Negative life events, increased anxiety, and decreased self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(5), 632-639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025005008
Kim, S. G., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2023). Child abuse and automatic emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 35(1), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421000663
Kim, Y., Lee, H., & Park, A. (2022). Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms: Self-esteem as a mediating mechanism. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57, 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02129-2
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.), New York: The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-56948-000
Lai, W., Wang, W., Li, X., Wang, H., Lu, C., & Guo, L. (2022). Longitudinal associations between problematic internet use, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1273–1283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-01944-5
Lee, J. O., Yoon, Y., Duan, L., Oxford, M. L., & Cederbaum, J. A. (2023). The influences of children’s and maternal childhood adversity on externalizing problems in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 43(9), 1189-1215. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316231151999
Li, J., Han, X., Wang, W., Sun, G., & Cheng, Z. (2018). How social support influences university students' academic achievement and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of self-esteem. Learning and Individual Differences, 61, 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.11.016
Marlow, M., Skeen, S., Grieve, C. M., Carvajal-Velez, L., … & Tomlinson, M. (2023). Detecting depression and anxiety among adolescents in South Africa: Validity of the isiXhosa patient health questionnaire-9 and generalized anxiety disorder-7. Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(1), S52-S60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.013
Martínez-Ramón, J. P., Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Ruiz-Esteban, C., & Méndez, I. (2022). Self-esteem at university: Proposal of an Artificial neural network based on resilience, stress, and sociodemographic variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 815853. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815853
Meesters, Y., Sijbrandij, J. J., Visser, E., & de Beurs, E. (2021). Sensitivity to change of the Beck depression inventory versus the inventory of depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 338-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.036
Moussa, M. M., Elphinstone, B., Thomas, J., Hermena, E. W., Barbato, M., Whitehead, R., & Bates, G. (2022). Nonattachment as a mediator of the mindfulness-well-being relationship: comparing Emirati and Australian students. Mindfulness, 13, 526-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01813-3
Navarro-Gil, M., Lopez-del-Hoyo, Y., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Montero-Marin, J., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2020). Effects of attachment-based compassion therapy (ABCT) on self-compassion and attachment style in healthy people. Mindfulness, 11, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0896-1
Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-Compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 193-218. 10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047
Neff, K. D., Bluth, K., Tóth-Király, I., Davidson, O., Knox, M. C., Williamson, Z., & Costigan, A. (2021). Development and validation of the self-compassion scale for youth. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(1), 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1729774
Neff, K. D., Long, P., Knox, M. C., Davidson, O., Kuchar, A., Costigan, A., ... & Breines, J. G. (2018). The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning. Self and Identity, 17(6), 627-645. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1436587
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115
Ochi, S., & Dwivedi, Y. (2023). Dissecting early life stress-induced adolescent depression through epigenomic approach. Molecular Psychiatry, 28, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01907-x
Ohannessian, C. M., Vannucci, A., Lincoln, C. R., Flannery, K. M., & Trinh, A. (2019). Self‐competence and depressive symptoms in middle–late adolescence: Disentangling the direction of effect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(3), 736-751. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12412
Porter-Vignola, E., Booij, L., Dansereau-Laberge, È. M., Garel, P., Chartier, G. B., Seni, A. G., ... & Herba, C. M. (2022). Social cognition and depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 76, 101750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101750
Quatman, T., & Watson, C. M. (2001). Gender differences in adolescent self-esteem: An exploration of domains. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162(1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320109597883
Rose, A. J. (2002). Co–rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830-1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00509
Rose, A. J., Carlson, W., & Waller, E. M. (2007). Prospective associations of co-rumination with friendship and emotional adjustment: Considering the socioemotional trade-offs of co-rumination. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 1019-1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1019
Rose, A. J., Smith, R. L., Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Glick, G. C. (2022). Friends’ discussions of interpersonal and noninterpersonal problems during early and middle adolescence: Associations with co-rumination. Developmental Psychology, 58(12), 2350–2357. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001445
Rosenberg, M. (1989). Determinants of self-esteem-a citation classic commentary on society and the adolescent self-image by Rosenberg, M. Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences. https://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1989/A1989T475800001.pdf
Sharifi Saki, S., Alipour, A., AghaYousefi, A.R., Mohammadi, M. R., Ghobari Bonab, B., & Anbiaee, R. (2018). Relationship of patience and self- compassion with depression in patients with breast cancer. Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases, 11(2), 36-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/acadpub.ijbd..11.2.36 (In Persian)
Shin, H., Jeon, S., & Cho, I. (2022). Factors influencing health-related quality of life in adolescent girls: A path analysis using a multi-mediation model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 20, 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-022-01954-6
Siconolfi, D., Edelen, M. O., McMullen, T. L., Martino, S., Ahluwalia, S. C., Chen, E. K., & Mota, T. (2022). Standardized assessment of depression symptoms in post‐acute care: A screening threshold approach. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(4), 1023-1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17646
Smit, B., & Stavrulaki, E. (2021). The efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for college students under extremely stressful conditions. Mindfulness, 12, 3086-3100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01772-9 
Stone, L. B., & Gibb, B. E. (2015). Brief report: Preliminary evidence that co‐rumination fosters adolescents' depression risk by increasing rumination. Journal of Adolescence, 38(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.008
Strickland, M. G., & Anastasio, P. (2021). Co-rumination May mitigate depressive and anxious symptoms for those high in social interaction anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 40(5), 381-403. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2021.40.5.403
Sun, Y., Ji, M., Leng, M., Li, X., Zhang, X., & Wang, Z. (2022). Comparative efficacy of 11 non-pharmacological interventions on depression, anxiety, quality of life, and caregiver burden for informal caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 129, 104204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104204
Tam, C. C., Benotsch, E. G., & Li, X. (2020). Self-esteem and non-medical use of prescription drugs among college students: Coping as a mediator. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(8), 1309-1319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1735441  
Tanhaye Reshvanloo, F., Torkamani, M., Mirshahi, S., Hajibakloo, N., & Kareshki, H. (2022). Validity and reliability assessment of the Persian version of the co-rumination questionnaire. Clinical Psychology, 13(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2021.20312.1874 (In Persian)
Tran, M. A. Q., Vo-Thanh, T., Soliman, M., Khoury, B., & Chau, N. N. T. (2022). Self-compassion, mindfulness, stress, and self-esteem among Vietnamese university students: Psychological well-being and positive emotion as mediators. Mindfulness, 13, 2574-2586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01980-x
Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410
Vaghar Hasanpur, M., Jalali, Y., & Tayebli, M. (2020). Modeling the relationship between the big five personality traits and resilience, considering self-esteem as a mediator variable. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 7(4), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.52547/shenakht.7.4.78 (In Persian)
Vannucci, A., & Ohannessian, M. C. (2018). Self-competence and depressive symptom trajectories during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1089-1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0340-3
Veisi, S., Imani, S., Boeshagi, M., Afkhami, N., Marefvand, A., Kashefi, F., & Ebrahimi Bejandi, F. (2022a). The discriminational of students into two groups with low and high academic dissertation defense anxiety based on academic grit and self-esteem: Inter discriminate analysis. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 7(55), 134-144. http://ijndibs.com/article-1-676-fa.html (In Persian)
Veisi, S., Imani, S., Soulok, S., Marefvand, A., Dehghan Nayeri, M., & Torabian, S. (2022). The using exploratory factor analysis to investigate the psychometric properties of online academic cheating scale- breif form. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 7(55), 122-133. https://ijndibs.com/article-1-675-fa.html (In Persian)
Yakın, D., Gençöz, T., Steenbergen, L., & Arntz, A. (2019). An integrative perspective on the interplay between early maladaptive schemas and mental health: The role of self‐compassion and emotion regulation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(6), 1098-1113. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22755
Yap, C.-C., Mohamad Som, R. B., Sum, X. Y., Tan, S.-A., & Yee, K. W. (2021). Association between self-esteem and happiness among adolescents in Malaysia: The mediating role of motivation. Psychological Reports, 125(3), 1348-1362. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211005124
Zhang, H., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Pollard, S. E., Pittman, D. M., Lamis, D. A., Fischer, N. L., & Kaslow, N. J. (2019). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms: Mediating role of self-compassion. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 202-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817729609
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 
Zsigo, C., Sfärlea, A., Lingl, C., Piechaczek, C., Schulte-Körne, G., Feldmann, L., & Greimel, E. (2022). Emotion regulation deficits in adolescent girls with major depression, anorexia nervosa and comorbid major depression and anorexia nervosa. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 54, 1476–1488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01353-4
Journal of Applied Psychological Research

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof
Available Online from 02 October 2025
  • Receive Date: 01 March 2023
  • Revise Date: 02 June 2023
  • Accept Date: 05 July 2023
  • First Publish Date: 09 September 2024
  • Publish Date: 02 October 2025