Psychometric Properties and the Standardization of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in 8–18-Year-Old Children and Adolescent

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Kharazmi University. Tehran, Iran

2 Master, khurazmi university, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, College of Psychology, Kharazmi University. Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and standardization of PSWQ-C questionnaire in a sample of children and adolescents aged 8-18 years. The statistical sample of this study included 1100 (581 girls and 519 boys). A sample of this study is includes 500 children aged 8 to 12 (286 girls and 214 boys) at the elementary School level, 300 adolescents aged 13 to 15 (150 girls and 150 boys) in middle school and 300 adolescents aged 16 to 18 (145 girls and 150 boys) in high/secondary school. First the Pen State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-C) was translated to Persian, then it was back translated into English. After eliminating the linguistic problems, it was performed on 100 students (50 girls and 50 boys) to ensure the accuracy of its translation. After confirming translation, the final questionnaire was administered to 1100 students (581 girls and 519 boys) in Tehran. The results of study confirmed the one-factor model among children and adolescents.  Our findings provide evidence of the construct validity of the Pen State Worries Questionnaire in Iranian children and adolescents. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was in a good range. Cronbach's alpha for one-factor model of children equaled 0.85 and for one-factor model of adolescents was 0.86.

Keywords

References

افضلی، ل.، اسمعیلی، س.، رجبی، هـ.، و وکیلی، س. (1395). اثربخشی بازی‌درمان‌گری با رویکرد کودک‌محور بر مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده کودکان. فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روان‌شناختی. 7(3)، 234-223.
دهشیری، غ.، گلزاری، م.، برجعلی، ا.، و سهرابی اسمرود، ف. (1388). خصوصیات روان‌سنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه نگرانی ایالت پنسیلوانیا در دانشجویان. مجله روان‌شناسی بالینی. 1(4)، 75-67.
کریمیان، ز.، صالحی، ک.، نجارنیا فیروزجاه، ر.، و مقدم‌زاده، ع. (1397). تأثیر آموزش مسئله‌محور بر مهارت‌های زندگی دانش‌آموزان دختر پایه هفتم. فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روان‌شناختی. 9(4)، 56-39.
ویس‌کرمی، ح.، ادواری، ح.، آزادبخت، ز.، و امیریان، ل. (1396). اثربخشی آموزش مداخله شناختی-رفتاری در کاهش اضطراب امتحان و کمرویی دانش‌آموزان. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روان‌شناختی. 8(3)، 45-29.
Refrences
Barlow, D. H. (2002). [BOOK REVIEW] Anxiety and Its Disorders, the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. American Journal of Psychiatry. 159(8), 1453-1453.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin. 107(2), 238-246.
Borkovec, Th. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 21(1), 9-16.
Britton, G. I., Neale, S. E., & Davey, G. C. L. (2019). The effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 62(1), 65-71.
Brown, T. A. (1997). The nature of generalized anxiety disorder and pathological worry: current evidence and conceptual models. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 42(8), 817-825.
Brown, T. A. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Multiple factors or method effects? Behaviour Research and Therapy. 41(12), 1411-1426.
Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 30(1), 33-37.
Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2006). Worry in childhood and adolescence. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, John Wiley & Sons.
Cattel, R. B., Couter, M. A., & Tsujioja, B. (1966). The taxonometric recognition of types and functional emergemts. Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 35(6), 569-581.
Copeland, W. E., Angold, Adrian, Shanahan, Lilly., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 53(1), 21-33.
Davey, G. C., & Wells, A. (2006). Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment: John Wiley & Sons.
Davey, G. C. L., Tallis, F., & Capuzzo, N. (1996). Beliefs about the consequences of worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 20(5), 499-520.
Donovan, C. L., Holmes, M. C., Farrell, L. J., & Hearn, C. S. (2017). Thinking about worry: investigation of the cognitive components of worry in children. Journal of Affective Disorders. 208(2), 230-237.
Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 47(3‐4), 313-337.
Ellis, D. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2010). The metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 13(2), 151-163.
Emslie, G. J. (2008). Pediatric anxiety-underrecognized and undertreated. Mass Medical Soc. United States.
Esbjørn, B. H., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Caspersen, I. D., Christensen, L. B., & Chorpita., B. F. (2013). Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Findings form normative and clinical samples in Denmark. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 35(1), 113-122.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods. 4(3), 272-299.
Fialko, L., Bolton, D., & Perrin, S. (2012). Applicability of a cognitive model of worry to children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 50(5), 341-349.
Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Mennin, D. S., & Turk, C. L. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 40(3), 313-323.
Guttman, L. (1954). Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis.
Psy-chometrika. 19(2), 149–161.
Henker, B., Whalen, C. K., & O'Neil, R. (1995). Worldly and workaday worries: Contemporary concerns of children and young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 23(6), 685-702.
Hong, R. Y, & Lee, Stephanie S. M. (2015). Further clarifying prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty: Factorial and construct validity of test scores from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment. 27(2), 605-620.
Kaiser, H. F. (1961). A note on Guttman's lower bound for the number of common factors 1. British Journal of Statistical Psychology. 14(1), 1-2.
Kelly, G. (2003). The psychology of personal constructs: Volume two: Clinical diagnosis and psychotherapy: Routledge.
Kertz, S., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2013). The role of metacognition, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative problem orientation in children's worry. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 41(2), 243-248.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, Patricia, Demler, Olga, Jin, Robert, Merikangas, Kathleen R, & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 62(6), 593-602.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. na. The SAGE Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications.
McQuitty, Sh. (2004). Statistical power and structural equation models in business research. Journal of Business Research. 57(2), 175-183.
Meyer, Th. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, Th. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 28(6), 487-495.
Morris, L W., Finkelstein, C. S., & Fisher, W. R. (1976). Components of school anxiety: Developmental trends and sex differences. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 128(1), 49-57.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Gobel, M. (2001). Reliability, validity, and normative data of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in 8–12-yr-old children1. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 32(2), 63-72.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., Sermon, A., & Zwakhalen, S. (1998). Worry in normal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 37(7), 703-710.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Gadet, B., & Moulaert, V. (2000). Fears, worries, and scary dreams in 4-to 12-year-old children: Their content, developmental pattern, and origins. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 29(1), 43-52.
Orton, G. L. (1982). A comparative study of children's worries. The Journal of Psychology. 110(2), 153-162.
Perrin, S., & Last, C. G. (1997). Worrisome thoughts in children clinically referred for anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 26(2), 181-189.
Pestle, S. L., Chorpita, B. F., & Schiffman, J. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for children in a large clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 37(2), 465-471.
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling. 13(1), 130-141.
Reynolds, C. R., & Paget, K. D. (1981). Factor analysis of the revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale for blacks, whites, males, and females with a national normative sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 49(3), 352-359.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 6(2), 271-280.
Silverman, W. K., La Greca, A. M., & Wasserstein, Sh. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development. 66(3), 671-686.
Simon, A., & Ward, L. (1974). Variables influencing the sources, frequency and intensity of worry in secondary school pupils. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 13(4), 391-396.
Spence, S. H. (1995). Social skills training - Enhancing social competence with children and adolescents. Nfer-Nelson. Cambridge University.
Stuijfzand, S., & Dodd, H. F. (2017). Young children have social worries too: Validation of a brief parent report measure of social worries in children aged 4–8 years. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 50(6), 87-93.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics . Northridge. Cal.: Harper Collins.
Tallis, F., Davey, G. C. L., & Bond, A. (1994). The Worry Domains Questionnaire. John Wiley & Sons.
Thielsch, C., Andor, T., & Ehring, Th. (2015). Metacognitions, intolerance of uncertainty and worry: an investigation in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 74, 94-98.
Vasey, Michael W, Crnic, Keith A, & Carter, Wende G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 18(6), 529-549.
Vasey, M. W., & Daleiden, E. L. (1994). Worry in children. PsycINFO, American Psychological Association. Washington.
Weems, C. F., Silverman, W. K., & La Greca, Annette M. (2000). What do youth referred for anxiety problems worry about? Worry and its relation to anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 28(1), 63-72.
 
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 10, Issue 3
December 2019
Pages 1-26

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 26 February 2019
  • Revise Date: 26 August 2019
  • Accept Date: 18 September 2019
  • First Publish Date: 22 November 2019
  • Publish Date: 22 November 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics