The Effectiveness of Dweck’s Mind Set Intervention on Students’ Negative Orientation Towards Problem and Hopelessness during the COVID-19

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Department of Psychology and Educational of children with Special Needs, faculty of Educational and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the Effectiveness of Dweck’s Mindset intervention on negative orientation towards problem and hopelessness in high school students. Method: The present study is an applied type and the project’s plan was a quasi-experimental study(pretest-posttest) and a control group. The statistical population consisted high school students (female) in Isfahan who were selected using multi-stage random sampling method. Negative Orientation Towards Problem questionnaire(NPOQ) and The Beck Hopelessness Scale(BHS) were research tools. 183 students completed the questionnaires. In the first screening step, 50 students were selected by purposive sampling. 30 students were randomly placed in the second step into experimental(n=15) and control groups(n=15). The experimental group received 8 sessions. Data were analyzed using MANCOVA by SPSS-23. Findings: There was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in the negative orientation towards problem(P<0.01) and Dweck’s Mind Set reduced that. But in the hopelessness Scale, it has only been effective on the dimensions of despair in achieving desires and negative expectations of the future. Conclusion: Based on the results the motivational Dweck’s MindSet intervention has been affected on diminish negative orientation to the problem, negative expectations of the future and hope in achieving the desires.

Keywords


آرامی، ز.، شریفی، ط.، و غضنفری، ا.، عابدی، ا.، و قاسمی پیربلوطی، م. (1396). مقایسۀ اثربخشی برنامۀ مثبت‌اندیشی فردریکسون و برنامۀ تغییر ذهنیت دوئیک بر اضطراب امتحان دانش‌آموزان تیزهوش. پژوهشنامۀ روان‌شناسی مثبت. 3(4)، 50-41. https://doi.org/10.22108/ppls.2018.108975.1337
آرامی، ز.، شریفی، ط.، و غضنفری، ا.، و عابدی، ا. (1398). مقایسۀ اثربخشی برنامۀ مثبت‌اندیشی فردریکسون و برنامۀ تغییر ذهنیت دوئیک بر سرمایۀ روان‌شناختی دانش‌آموزان تیزهوش مبتلا به اضطراب امتحان پایۀ نهم شهر اصفهان. فصلنامۀ کودکان استثنایی. ۱۹(۳)، 48-37. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16826612.1398.19.3.5.3
باپیری، ا.، کلانتری، م.، نشاط‌دوست، ح.، و عریضی، ح. (1399). تدوین الگوی معنا در زندگی و مقایسۀ اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر الگو با مفاهیم معناداری فرانکل بر ناامیدی و افکار خودکشی دانش‌آموزان دختر دورۀ دوم متوسطه. مجلۀ علوم روان‌شناختی. ۱۹(۹۴)، 1256-1243. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1399.19.94.10.4
بساک‌نژاد، س.، رحیمی، م.، و رزمجو، س. (1399). مقایسۀ جهت‌گیری منفی به مشکل، ناامیدی و استرس ادراک‌شده در دختران نوجوان با و بدون مادر مبتلا به سرطان پستان. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ بهداشت و انستیتو تحقیقات بهداشتی. ۱۸(۱)، ۵۱-۶۰. http://sjsph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5861-fa.html
چوبداری، ع.، نیک‌خو، ف.، و فولادی، ف. (1399). پیامدهای روان‌شناختی کرونا ویروس جدید (کووید 19) در کودکان: مطالعۀ مروری نظام‌مند. فصلنامۀ روان‌شناسی تربیتی. 16(55)، 68-55. https://doi.org/10.22054/jep.2020.53306.3043
روشن‌خواه، س. (1399). مقالۀ مروری: نگاهی به پیامدهای روان‌شناختی و اجتماعی ویروس کرونا در جامعۀ ایران. اولین کنفرانس ملی تحقیقات کاربردی در فرایندهای تعلیم و تربیت. 25 شهریور 1399، میناب. https://civilica.com/doc/1116457
فلاحیه، س.، فاتحی‌زاده، م.، عابدی، ا.، و دیاریان، م. (1399). اثربخشی مداخلۀ مبتنی بر تغییر ذهنیت دوئیک بر استرس ناشی از انتظارات تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان مدارس استعدادهای درخشان. فصلنامۀ روان‌شناسی شناختی. ۸(۲)، 57-46. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23455780.1399.8.2.6.3
فلاحیه، س.، فاتحی‌زاده، م.، عابدی، ا.، و دیاریان، م. (1400). مداخلۀ انگیزشی مبتنی بر تغییر ذهنیت دوئیک بر افزایش خودکارآمدی اجتماعی در دانش‌آموزان مدارس استعداد درخشان. فصلنامۀ علمی-پژوهشی علوم روان‌شناختی. 20(106)، 1929-1913. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.106.2.7
گودرزی، م. ع. (1381). بررسی روایی و پایایی مقیاس نومیدی بک در دانشجویان دانشگاه شیراز. نشریۀ علوم اجتماعی و انسانی دانشگاه شیراز. 18(2)، 39-26. https://www.sid.ir/paper/406194/fa
محمودعلیلو، م.، شاهجویی، ت.، و هاشمی، ز. (1389). مقایسۀ عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی، اجتناب شناختی، جهت‌گیری منفی به مشکل و باورهای مثبت درمورد نگرانی بین بیماران مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر و افراد عادی. پژوهش‌های نوین روان‌شناختی (روان‌شناسی دانشگاه تبریز). 5(20)، 185-167. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4189.html
References
Arami, Z., Sharifi, T., Ghazanfari, A., Abedi, A., & Ghasemi pirbaloti, M. (2018). The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Fredrickson’s Positive Thinking and Dweck’s Mind Set Program on Test Anxiety of Gifted Students. Positive Psychology Research3(4), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.22108/ppls.2018.108975.1337 (in Persian).
Arami, Z., Sharifi, T., Ghazanfari, A., & Abedi,. A. (2019). A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Fredrickson’s Positive Thinking and Dweck’s Mindset Programs on Psychological Capital of Gifted Ninth-Grade Girls with Test Anxiety in Isfahan. Journal of Exeptional Children, 19(3), 37-48. http://joec.ir/article-1-935-en.html (in Persian).
Avci, I. A., Okanli, A., Karabulutlu, E., & Bilgili, N. (2009). Women's marital adjustment and hopelessness levels after mastectomy. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(4), 299-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2009.03.011
Bapiri, O. A., Kalantari, M., Neshat Doost, H. T., & Arizi, H. R. (2020). Developing a meaningful model in life and comparing the effectiveness of model-based education with frankel's meaningful concepts on frustration and suicidal thoughts in second-year high school girls. Journal of Psychological Science19(94), 1243-1256. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-770-en.html (In Persian)
Bassaknejad, S., Rahimi, M., & Razmjoo, S. (2020). Comparison of Negative Orientation of Adolescent Girls with Mothers with and Without Breast Cancer Toward the Problem, Hopelessness and Perceived Stress. Journal of School of Public Health, 18(1), 51-60. http://sjsph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5861-en.html (In Persian)
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0037562
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Kovacs, M., & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. American journal of Psychiatry, 142(5), 559-563. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.142.5.559
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
Choobdari, A., Nikkhoo, F., & Fooladi, F. (2020). Psychological Consequences of New Coronavirus (Covid 19) in Children: A Systematic Review. Educational Psychology16(55), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.22054/jep.2020.53306.3043 (in Persian).
De Castella, K., Goldin, P., Jazaieri, H., Ziv, M., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Beliefs about emotion: Links to emotion regulation, well-being, and psychological distress. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(6), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.840632
Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166
Dweck, C. S., Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2014). Academic Tenacity: Mindsets and Skills that Promote Long-Term Learning. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://ed.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/manual/dweck-walton-cohen-2014.pdf
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York City. NY: Random House Publications.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
D'Zurilla, T. J., Chang, E. C., Nottingham IV, E. J., & Faccini, L. (1998). Social problem-solving deficits and hopelessness, depression, and suicidal risk in college students and psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(8), 1091-1107. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199812)54:8<1091::aid-jclp9>3.0.co;2-j
D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2010). Problem-Solving Therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (pp. 197-225). New York: Guilford Press.
Fallahiyeh, S., Fatehizade, M., Abedi, A., & Dayarian, M. (2020). The Effect of Intervention Based on Dweck’s Mind Set on Academic Expectations Stress among Gifted and Talented School Students. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 46-57
http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3321-en.html (In Persian)
Fallahiyeh, S., Fatehizadeh, M., Abedi, A., & Dayarian, M. M. (2021). The effectiveness of motivational intervention based on dweck’s mind set program on social self-efficacy in gifted students. Journal of Psychological Science20(106), 1913-1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.20.106.1913 (in Persian).
Eskin, M. (2012). Problem solving therapy in the clinical practice. Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/C2011-0-07817-1
Ghosh, R., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatrica, 72(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9
Gooderzi, M. A. (2001). Investigating the validity and reliability of Beck's hopelessness scale in students of Shiraz University. Journal of Social and Human Sciences of Shiraz University, 18(2), 26-39. (In Persian)
Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M. R. (2020). Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.024
Huang, J. Z., Han, M. F., Luo, T. D., Ren, A. K., & Zhou, X. P. (2020). Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi Chinese. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 38(3), 192-195. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
Haimovitz, K., Wormington, S. V., & Corpus, J. H. (2011). Dangerous mindsets: How beliefs about intelligence predict motivational change. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.09.002
Krause, K. R., Courtney, D. B., Chan, B. W., Bonato, S., Aitken, M., Relihan, J., Prebeg, M., Darnay, K., Hawke, L. D., Watson, P., & Szatmari, P. (2021). Problem-solving training as an active ingredient of treatment for youth depression: a scoping review and exploratory meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 397. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03260-9
Mac Giollabhui, N., Nielsen, J., Seidman, S., Olino, T. M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2018). The development of future orientation is associated with faster decline in hopelessness during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(10), 2129-2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0803-4
Mahmud-Aliloo, M., Shahjooee, T., & Hashemi, Z. (2011). Comparison of intolerance of uncertainty, negative problem orientation, cognitive avoidance, positive beliefs about worries in patient whit generalized anxiety disorder and control group. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches5(20), 169-187. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4189.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Metwaly Atia, S. M., & Ahmed, H. A. A. K. (2020). Predictors of suicidal thoughts among substance abuse patients: Problem-solving ability and hopelessness. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 11(4), 58-82. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2020.124848
Mystakidou, K., Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Athanasouli, P., Galanos, A., Anna, P., & Vlahos, L. (2009). Illness-related hopelessness in advanced cancer: influence of anxiety, depression, and preparatory grief. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23(2), 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2008.04.008
Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., & Hankin, B. L. (2004). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 711-747. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.711
Nussbaum, A. D., & Dweck, C. S. (2008). Defensiveness versus remediation: Self-theories and modes of self-esteem maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(5), 599-612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207312960
Nezu, A. M., Wilkins, V. M., & Nezu, C. M. (2004). Social Problem Solving, Stress, and Negative Affect. (pp. 49–65). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10805-003
Phan, H. P. (2013). Examination of self-efficacy and hope: a developmental approach using latent growth modeling. The Journal of Educational Research, 106(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2012.667008
Oguzturk, O., Akca, F., & Sahin, G. (2011). Investigation of Relationship Between Hopeless Level and Problem Solving Skills in the Aspects of Some Variables. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 14(3), 173-184. https://klinikpsikiyatri.org/eng/jvi.aspx?un=KPD-52714&volume=14&issue=3
Reinecke, M. A., DuBois, D. L., & Schultz, T. M. (2001). Social problem solving, mood, and suicidality among inpatient adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(6), 743-756. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012971423547
Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2005). Negative problem orientation (Part II): Construct validity and specificity to worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(3), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.008
Roshankhah, S. (2019). Review article: A look at the psychological and social consequences of the corona virus in Iranian society. The first national conference on applied research in education processes. 25 September 2019, Minab. https://civilica.com/doc/1116457 (in Persian).
Robins, R. W., & Pals, J. L. (2002). Implicit self-theories in the academic domain: Implications for goal orientation, attributions, affect, and self-esteem change. Self and Identity, 1(4), 313-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860290106805
Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., ... & Gao, L. (2020). Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: Experts’ consensus statement. World Journal of Pediatrics, 16(3), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7
Singh, S., Roy, M. D., Sinha, C. P. T. M. K., Parveen, C. P. T. M. S., Sharma, C. P. T. G., & Joshi, C. P. T. G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
Schroder, H. S., Yalch, M. M., Dawood, S., Callahan, C. P., Donnellan, M. B., & Moser, J. S. (2017). Growth mindset of anxiety buffers the link between stressful life events and psychological distress and coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.016
Strough, J., & Keener, E. (2013): Interpersonal problem solving across the life span. In Verhaeghen, P. & Hertzog, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and everyday problem solving during adulthood. Oxford University Press, The Oxford Library of Psychology Series, Oxford, 190-205.
Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2009). The importance of motivation as a predictor of school achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(1), 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.05.004
Siu, A. M., & Shek, D. T. (2010). Social problem solving as a predictor of well-being in adolescents and young adults. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 393-406.
Shea, F., & Hurley, E. (1964). Hopelessness and helplessness. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 2(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1964.tb01391.x
Ugueto, A. M., Santucci, L. C., Krumholz, L. S., Weisz, J. R. (2014). Problem-Solving Skills Training. In E. S., Sburlati,H. J., Lyneham,C. A., Schniering, R. M. Rapee, (Eds.), Evidence-based CBT for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: A competencies-based approach (pp. 247-259). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118500576.ch17
Wilson, C. J., Bushnell, J. A., Rickwood, D. J., Caputi, P., & Thomas, S. J. (2011). The role of problem orientation and cognitive distortions in depression and anxiety interventions for young adults. Advances in Mental Health, 10(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.52
World Health Organization. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on mental health, Coronavirus disease. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-mental-health-cannot-be-made-light-of
Yeager, D. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2013). An implicit theories of personality intervention reduces adolescent aggression in response to victimization and exclusion. Child Development, 84(3), 970 -988. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12003
Volume 15, Issue 1
2024
Pages 1-18
  • Receive Date: 30 October 2021
  • Revise Date: 27 December 2021
  • Accept Date: 08 January 2022
  • First Publish Date: 30 January 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 April 2024