فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روانشناختی

نقش سازوکارهای دفاعی در پیش‌بینی صفات شخصیتی نوجوانان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه رشد انسانی، مؤسسه آویناشیلینگام برای علوم خانواده و آموزش عالی زنان، کویمباتور، تامیل‌نادو، هند.

2 رئیس امور دانشجویی، مؤسسه آویناشیلینگام برای علوم خانواده و آموزش عالی زنان، کویمباتور، تامیل‌نادو، هند.

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی سازوکارهای دفاعی و ارزیابی نقش پیش‌بینی‌کنندۀ آن‌ها در تبیین ویژگی‌های شخصیتی نوجوانان بود. این مطالعه به روش مقطعی انجام شد و جامعۀ آماری آن شامل ۸۹۱ نوجوان ۱۷ تا ۱۹ سالۀ شهر کویمباتور، ایالت تامیل‌نادو هند بود که در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۴–۲۰۲۳ به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی نظام‌مند انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامۀ شخصیت آیزنک و مقیاس محقق‌ساختۀ سازوکارهای دفاعی گردآوری و با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS-30 و Jamovi نسخۀ 2/6/44 (۲۰۲۵) تحلیل شدند. مقیاس سازوکارهای دفاعی از طریق تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی اعتبارسنجی شد که درنهایت شامل ۱۱ مؤلفه و ۳۰ گویه با آستانۀ بار عاملی 0/4 بود. این مقیاس از همسانی درونی مطلوبی برخوردار بود (آلفای کرونباخ 0/75) و شاخص کفایت نمونه‌گیری 0/71 به‌دست آمد. آزمون کرویت بارتلت معنادار بود و درصد واریانس تجمعی 150/51 گزارش شد. ضریب همبستگی بازآزمایی (0/991= r) پایایی بسیار مطلوب ابزار را نشان داد. همچنین تحلیل‌عاملی تأییدی با استفاده از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری نشان‌دهندۀ برازش مناسب مدل بود (0/90= CFI؛ 0/9= TLI؛ 0/621= PNFI). یافته‌های تحلیل رگرسیون خطی نشان داد سازوکار دفاعی واکنش وارونه، شایع‌ترین دفاع مورد استفادۀ نوجوانان است و به‌طور معناداری ویژگی‌های شخصیتی درون‌گرایی و روان‌رنجوری را پیش‌بینی می‌کند؛ درحالی‌که انکار کمترین میزان استفاده را دارد. عقلانی‌سازی و فرافکنی پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های معنادار برون‌گرایی بودند و درنهایت، دفاع بالغانۀ والایش پیش‌بینی‌کنندۀ ویژگی‌های شخصیتی ثبات بود. استفادۀ فراوان از واکنش وارونه، به‌عنوان یک دفاع نوروتیک، زنگ خطری در جهت ضرورت طراحی مداخلات هدفمند برای ارتقای سلامت روان، بهزیستی و رشد سالم شخصیت نوجوانان محسوب می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Defense Mechanisms in Predicting Adolescent Personality Traits

نویسندگان [English]

  • Lal Lawmzuali 1
  • Ramya Bhaskar 1
  • Natarajan Vasugi 2

1 Department of Human Development Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

2 Dean of Student Affair Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

چکیده [English]

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess defense mechanisms and evaluate the predictive role of defense mechanisms in personality traits. The sample population consisted of 891 adolescents, aged between 17 and 19 years from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, selected through a systematic random sampling method, during the academic year 2023-2024. The data collected using the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a self-developed scale on defense mechanisms were analysed using SPSS 30 and Jamovi 2.6.44, 2025. The defense mechanism scale was validated through principal component analysis, resulting in 11 components with 30 items, with a factor loading threshold of 0.4. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .751), an adequate KMO (0.716), significant Bartlett's test of sphericity, and a 51.150 cumulative percentage. An r value of 0.991 in the test-retest indicated excellent reliability, and CFA (SEM)- Comparative Fit Index (CFI) showed .902, TLI .900; and a Parsimony Comparative Fit Index (PNFI) .621, which is greater than 0.50 confirmed a good fit. The findings of linear regression analysis depicted that reaction formation was a common defense mechanism among adolescents and significantly predicted introversion and neuroticism, while denial was the least used defense mechanism. Rationalization and projection were significant predictors of extroversion, whereas mature defenses, like sublimation, was found to be the predictor of stable personality traits. Notably, reaction formation, a neurotic defense mechanism, was used frequently by adolescents in this study, which is a cause for concern, to realize the need for tailored interventions to promote adolescents' healthy personality, mental health and well-being.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adolescents
  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Personality Traits
Bailey, R., & Pico, J. (2023). Defense mechanisms. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/
Békés, V., Starrs, C. J., Perry, J. C., Prout, T. A., Conversano, C., & Di Giuseppe, M. (2023). Defense mechanisms are associated with mental health symptoms across six countries. Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome, 26(3), 729. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2023.729
Blanco, C., Kampe, L., Wall, M. M., Liu, S., … & Olfson, M. (2023). Approximating defense mechanisms in a national study of adults: Prevalence and correlates with functioning. Translational Psychiatry, 13,21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02303-3
Byrne, D. (1961). The repression-sensitization scale: Rationale, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality, 29(3), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1961.tb01666.x
Center, D. B., & Kemp, D. E. (2002). Antisocial behaviour in children and Eysenck’s theory of personality: An evaluation. International Journal of Disability Development and Education, 49(4), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912022000028330
Cohen, D., Kim, E. (2020). Sublimation (Defense Mechanism). In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1430
Cramer, P. (2006). Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action. Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-08215-000
Cramer, P. (2012). Psychological maturity and change in adult defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(3), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.011
Cushman, F. (2020). Rationalization is rational. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 43, e28.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X19001730   
Cybulski, M., Strzelecki, W., Grzymisławska-Cybulska, M., Głowacka, M. D., & Mojs, E. (2014). Determinants of personality and risky road behaviors at work in drivers of medical transport vehicles in the Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) voivodeship. Medycyna Pracy, 65(4), 485–496. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00052
Delendra, G. R. F., Dewi, E. I., & Deviantony, F. (2023). The relationship between introverted and extroverted types on the risk of bullying behavior in students of vocational School 5 Jember. e-Journal Pustaka Kesehatan, 11(2), 127. https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/3502817
Di Giuseppe, M., Gennaro, A., Lingiardi, V., & Perry, J. C. (2019). The role of defense mechanisms in emerging personality disorders in clinical adolescents. Psychiatry, 82(2), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2019.1579595
Di Giuseppe, M., Perry, J. C., Conversano, C., Gelo, O. C. G., & Gennaro, A. (2020). Defense mechanisms, gender, and adaptiveness in emerging personality disorders in adolescent outpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(12), 933–941. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001230
Diehl, M., & Hay, E. L. (2010). Risk and resilience factors in coping with daily stress in adulthood: The role of age, self-concept incoherence, and personal control. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1132–1146. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019937
Euler, S., Babl, A., Dommann, E., Stalujanis, E., Labrish, C., Kramer, U., & McMain, S. (2025). Maladaptive defense mechanisms moderate treatment outcome in 6 months versus 12 months dialectical-behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Psychotherapy Research, 35(4), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2024.2334053
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. (1968). A factorial study of psychoticism as a dimension of personality. Multivariate Behavioral Research, Spec Iss, 15–31. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1968-15468-001
Febriana, A., & Diana Budi Darma. (2022). Defense mechanism as a strategy to overcome Jacob’s Anxiety in William Landay’s Defending Jacob. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 8(1), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v8i1.1730
Furnham, A. (2012). Lay understandings of defence mechanisms: The role of personality traits and gender. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 17(6), 723–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2012.663922
Ghadimianfar, M., & Dadkhah, A. (2015). Prediction of rehabilitation nurses' psychological well-being through personality traits and defense mechanisms. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 13(4), 40-45. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-569-en.html
Gholami Zarch, M., Taghvaei, D., & Pirani, Z. (2024). Modeling narcissistic personality and object relations with the mediating role of defense mechanisms. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies, 5(5), 21. http://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.5.5.8
Granieri, A., La Marca, L., Mannino, G., Giunta, S., Guglielmucci, F., & Schimmenti, A. (2017). The relationship between defense patterns and DSM-5 maladaptive personality domains. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 01926. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01926  
Hall, C. S., Lindsey, G. & Campbell, J. B. (1997). Theories of Personality (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/Theories+of+Personality%2C+4th+Edition-p-9780471303428
Ishfaq, N., & Kamal, A. (2024). Intervening effect of maladaptive personality on the relationship between defense styles and psychiatric symptoms among prisoners. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 46(6), 570–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176241232740
Jamovi (2.6.44). (2025). The jamovi project. https://www.jamovi.org/download.html
Jennifer, L. (2016). Defense style predicts subjective well-being in a non-clinical sample. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 4(1), 62–71. https://jhwbjournal.com/en/article/62
Kaur, J., Lantz, S. E., & Ray, S. (2025). Freud's Developmental Theory. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491458/
Laczkovics, C., Fonzo, G., Bendixsen, B., Shpigel, E., … & Huemer, J. (2018). Defense mechanism is predicted by attachment and mediates the maladaptive influence of insecure attachment on adolescent mental health. Current Psychology, 39(4), 1388–1396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9839-1
Maghami, P., & Mirzahosseini, H., & Monirpoor, N. (2024). The Relationship between child attitudes towards parents and histrionic personality traits: The mediating role of defense mechanisms, and teachers. Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling, 6(3), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jarac.6.3.19  
Malik, F., & Marwaha, R. (2023). Cognitive development. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725780/  
Matyash, N. V., Pavlova, T. A., & Pozdnyakov, G. V. (2023). Mechanisms of psychological defense and its dominant communication strategies in high school students and first-year students. Izvestiya of Saratov University Educational Acmeology Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.18500/2304-9790-2023-12-1-49-57
Mohammadlou, M., Elahi, T., & Morovati, Z. (2016). The role of personality traits in predicting defense mechanisms with mediating role of attribution styles in university students. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316665732
Morell, G., & Andrews, L. (1980). Rationality and its relation to extraversion and neuroticism. Psychological Reports, 47(3_suppl), 1111–1114. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1980.47.3f.1111
Nawi, F. a. M., ATambi, N. a. M., Samat, N. M. F., & Mustapha, N. W. M. W. (2020). A review on the internal consistency of a scale: The empirical example of the influence of human capital investment on malcom baldridge quality principles in tvet institutions. Asian People Journal (APJ), 3(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.37231/apj.2020.3.1.121
Newman, L. S., Duff, K. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 980–1001. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.5.980
Orenstein, G. A., & Lewis, L. (2022). Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32310556/
Parekh, M. A., Majeed, H., Khan, T. R., Khan, A. B., … & Jehan, I. (2010). Ego defense mechanisms in Pakistani medical students: A cross sectional analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-10-12
Peters, E. M., Bowen, R., & Balbuena, L. (2019). Mood instability and trait anxiety as distinct components of Eysenckian neuroticism with differential relations to impulsivity and risk taking. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1569528
Pop-Jordanova, N., & Zorcec, T. (2010). Age, gender and disorder related personality characteristics of pediatric patients measured by Eysenck Personality Scale. Acta Informatica Medica. 18(4):207-211. https://actainformmed.org/issue/2010-18-4/page/2/
Qizi, B. M. R. (2024). The relationship between emotional stability and coping strategies in adolescents. European International Journal of Pedagogics, 4(10), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.55640/eijp-04-10-10
Ryan Karl M. Boco, C., Rogero, B. H., Barrozo, C. J. R., Berganio, R. M., Arnaiz, R. M., & Albay, J. G. (2024). Introversion and functionality of defense mechanisms: Basis for personality enhancement program. International Research and Innovation Journal, 1(2), 346sb. https://doi.org/10.62293/irij-346sb
Stone, A., De Groot, M., McVarnock, A., Cheng, T., Bowker, J. C., & Coplan, R. J. (2025). The risks of being a wallflower: Exploring links between introversion, aspects of solitude, and Indices of well-being in adolescence. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020108
Sunday, M. o., Adie, R. U., & Echeng, D. E. (2022). Neuroticism and introversion personality charateristics and adolescents’ school social adjustment in a social inclusion in northern education zone of Cross River State. Global Journal of Educational Research, 21(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v21i1.6
Tanjung, D. F., Priyati, O. P. A., & Firmansyah, R. A. (2023). Children's moral development from the perspective of Sigmund Freud. Journal of Education, Learning, Guidance and Counselling, 11(2), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.56013/edu.v11i2.2263
Vandenbos, G. R., & American Psychological Association (APA) (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/14646-000
Weinberger, D. A. (1995). The construct validity of the repressive coping style. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory, psychopathology, and health (pp. 337–386). The University of Chicago Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-98214-014
Widiger, T. A., & Oltmanns, J. R. (2017). Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20411
Xiong, S., Xu, Y., Zhang, B., Zhu, L., & Xie, J. (2022). Smartphone addiction and Eysenck’s personality traits among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 794112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794112
Zewude, G. T., & Hercz, M. (2021). Psychological capital and teacher well-being: The mediation role of coping with stress. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1227–1245. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.3.1227
فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روانشناختی
دوره 17، شماره 2
تیر 1405
صفحه 149-164
  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 06 آبان 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 05 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 14 دی 1404
  • تاریخ انتشار: 10 تیر 1405