اثربخشی مداخلات روان شناختی بر اضطراب حالتی رقابتی و کورتیزول بزاقی دوندگان سرعت نخبه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه روانشناسی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه رفتار حرکتی و روانشناسی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران،

3 داﻧﺸﯿﺎر ﮔﺮوه روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ورزﺷﯽ داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮم ورزﺷﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾﺮان

چکیده

در زمینه اثربخشی مداخلات روان­ شناختی بر اضطراب رقابتی و پاسخ محور هیپوتالاموس هیپوفیز آدرنال (HPA) مطالعات اندکی صورت گرفته است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی یک دوره تمرین مهارت‌های روان­ شناختی بر اضطراب حالتی رقابتی و کورتیزول بزاقی در دوندگان سرعت نخبه بود. پژوهش حاضر، نیمه تجربی، و با استفاده از طرح پیش­ آزمون و پس ­آزمون با گروه تجربی و کنترل انجام ‌شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمام دوندگان­ سرعت نخبه استان خوزستان با دامنه سنی 18تا 29 سال بود که 30 دونده ­سرعت نخبه به ­طور تصادفی در گروه تجربی و کنترل (هر گروه 15 نفر) قرار گرفتند. برای سنجش اضطراب رقابتی از پرسشنامه اضطراب حالتی رقابتی-2 و جهت اندازه­ گیری کورتیزول بزاقی از کیت سنجش کورتیزول بزاقی شرکت IBL آلمان مدل RE-52611 استفاده شده است. داده­ ها از طریق نرم­ افزار SPSS نسخه 20 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج آزمون آماری تحلیل کوواریانس، کاهش معناداری را در غلظت کورتیزول بزاقی و اضطراب حالتی رقابتی پس از هشت هفته تمرین مهارت‌های روان­ شناختی گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه کنترل نشان داد. نتایج نشان داد که از تمرین مهارت‌های روان­ شناختی می­ توان به ­عنوان راهبردی نویدبخش در کاهش اضطراب و کورتیزول بزاقی در ورزشکاران استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions on Competitive State Anxiety and Salivary Cortisol In Elite Sprinters

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdolah Taheriniyam 1
  • Hasan Gharayagh Zandi 2
  • Mohammad khabiri 3
  • Rahman Soori 1
1 Sport Psychology, Faculty Of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Univercity Of Tehran
2 Sport Psychology & motor Behavior, Faculty Of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Univercity Of Tehran
3
چکیده [English]

Few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of psychological skills training on hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response and sport performance. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of 8-week psychological skills training on competitive anxiety and salivary cortisol in elite sprinters. This study was a quasi-experimental study by pretest-posttest design with a control group. Statistical group comprised all men sprinters with an age range of 18-29 years in Khuzestan Province. To do this test, 30 male elite sprinters were randomly allocated into experimental and control groups(15 in each). We used salivary cortisol kit (Germany IBL company model RE-52611 model) to and Competitive Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). The results were analyzed with SPSS 20. The findings showed significant reduction in salivary cortisol and significant reduction in Competitive Anxiety in experimental group to comparison with the control group after 8 weeks of psychological skills training. The results suggest that psychological skills training can be uses as a promised strategy in reduction of competitive anxiety and salivary cortisol in athletes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychological Skills
  • Salivary cortisol
  • Competitive Anxiety
Abedini, Y. (2016). The impact of mental imagery combined with physical exercise on learning and retention of psychomotor skills. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 7(2),167-177. (in Persian)
Arruda, A. F., Aoki, M. S., Paludo, A. C., & Moreira, A. (2017). Salivary steroid response and competitive anxiety in elite basketball players: Effect of opponent level. Physiology & Behavior, 177, 291-296.
Birkett, M. A. (2011). The Trier Social Stress Test protocol for inducing psychological stress. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE(56).
Burton, D., & Raedeke, T. D. (2008). Sport psychology for coaches: Human Kinetics.
Capranica, L., Condello, G., Tornello, F., Iona, T., Chiodo, S., Valenzano, A., . . . Cibelli, G. (2017). Salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, and anxiety during a youth taekwondo championship: An observational study. Medicine, 96(28).
Coelho, R. W., Kuczynski, K. M., Juliana, M., Paes, D., Santos, P., Rosa, A., & Stefanello, J. (2014). Effect of a mental training program on salivary cortisol in volleyball players. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 17(3), 46-57.
Cox, R. H. (2007). Sport psychology: Concepts and applications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Draper, N., Dickson, T., Fryer, S., Blackwell, G., Winter, D., Scarrott, C., & Ellis, G. (2012). Plasma cortisol concentrations and perceived anxiety in response to on-sight rock climbing. International journal of sports medicine, 33(01), 13-17.
Ehrlenspiel, F., & Strahler, K. (2012). Psychoneuroendocrinology of sport and exercise: Foundations, markers, trends: Routledge.
Firoozi, M., & Rostami, R. (2014). Risking Psychological Factors Causing Health Problems of Professional Athletes. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 5(2), 1-15. (in Persian).
Georgakaki, S. K., & Karakasidou, E. (2017). The Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Competitive Anxiety and Self-Compassion: A Brief Training Program among Competitive Swimmers. Psychology, 8(05), 677.
Girardi, C., Luz, C., Cherubini, K., de Figueiredo, M. A. Z., Nunes, M. L. T., & Salum, F. G. (2011). Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, psychological factors in patients with oral lichen planus. Archives of Oral Biology, 56(9), 864-868.
Hanton, S., Wagstaff, C. R., & Fletcher, D. (2007). Cognitive appraisal of stressors encountered in sport organizations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29.
Hardy, L., Jones, J. G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 186-192.
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(2), 163-171.
Hemmings, B. (2011). Sport psychology and the English golf union: A case study of a winter elite squad support programme.
Hessl, D., Glaser, B., Dyer-Friedman, J., Blasey, C., Hastie, T., Gunnar, M., & Reiss, A. (2002). Cortisol and behavior in fragile X syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(7), 855-872.
Hill, D. M., & Shaw, G. (2013). A qualitative examination of choking under pressure in team sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 103-110.
Kiani, S., Makvandhosaini, S., & Fadaei, A. (2017). Effectiveness of relaxation aidedBiofeedback in reducing test anxiety in students. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 7(3),213-222. (in Persian).
Lawless, F. J. (2013). A profile and training programme of psychological skills for track and field athletes. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Lee, B. K., Glass, T. A., McAtee, M. J., Wand, G. S., Bandeen-Roche, K., Bolla, K. I., & Schwartz, B. S. (2007). Associations of salivary cortisol with cognitive function in the Baltimore memory study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(7), 810-818.
Levine, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Feldman, R., Lewis, J. G., & Weller, A. (2007). Measuring cortisol in human psychobiological studies. Physiology & Behavior, 90(1), 43-53.
Marshall, E., & Gibson, A.-M. (2017). The effect of an imagery training intervention on self-confidence and anxiety in acrobatic gymnastics. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20, e92.
Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport: Human kinetics.
Ong, N. C., & Griva, K. (2016). The effect of mental skills training on competitive anxiety in schoolboy rugby players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-13.
Patel, D. R., Omar, H., & Terry, M. (2010). Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23(6), 325-335.
Pieterse, J. J., & Potgieter, J. R. (2006). Die effek van sportsielkundige intervensietegnieke op die prestasie van middelafstand-atlete. South African Journal for Research in Sport, 28(1), 85-99.  
Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2007). Perceived impact of anger and anxiety on sporting performance in rugby players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(6), 875-896.
Salvador, A., Suay, F., Gonzalez-Bono, E., & Serrano, M. A. (2003). Anticipatory cortisol, testosterone and psychological responses to judo competition in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(3), 364-375.
Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition anxiety, motivation, and mental toughness in golf. Journal of applied sport psychology, 28(3), 309-320.
Shahintab, & Mehran. (2011). The effects of a Psychological Training Program on the Emotional Intelligence, Personality Profile, Competitive State Anxiety and Performance of Elite Basketball Players. Ph.D In Motor behavior University of Shahid Beheshti, 99. (in Persian).
Slimani, M., Hentati, A., Bouazizi, M., Boudhiba, D., Ben Amor, I., & Chéour, F. (2014). Effects of self-talk and mental training package on self-confidence and positive and negative affects in male kickboxers. IOSR J Hum Soc Sci, 19, 31-34.
Slimani, M., Taylor, L., Baker, J. S., Elleuch, A., Ayedi, F. M., Chamari, K., & Chéour, F. (2016). Effects of mental training on muscular force, hormonal and physiological changes in kickboxers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness.
Truelove, A. A. (2014). Mental toughness training intervention for collegiate track and field athletes.
Van der merwe, F. (2005). Sport history: Stellenbosch, South Africa: FGJ Publications.
Vento, K. A. (2017). The Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on the Subjective Well-Being of Collegiate Athletes. California State University, Long Beach.
Vernacchia, R. A., McGuire, R. T., Reardon, J. P., & Templin, D. P. (2000). Psychosocial characteristics of olympic track and field athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31(1), 5-23.   
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2014). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E: Human Kinetics.
Woodman, T., Akehurst, S., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2010). Self-confidence and performance: A little self-doubt helps. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 467-470.
Yoshioka, G., Imaeda, N., Ohtani, T., & Hayashi, K. (2005). Effects of cortisol on muscle proteolysis and meat quality in piglets. Meat science, 71(3), 590-593.
 
 
دوره 9، شماره 2
تیر 1397
صفحه 163-179
  • تاریخ دریافت: 05 دی 1396
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 04 دی 1397
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 12 مرداد 1397
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 12 مرداد 1397
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 تیر 1397