اثربخشی ابزارهای مختلف مصاحبه با شاهد عینی صحنۀ جرم در تحکیم حافظه برای دسترسی‌های بلندمدت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

4 کارشناسی ارشد حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

5 استادیار روان‌شناسی قانونی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه باث اسپا، باث، انگلستان

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی مصاحبه‌های مختلف در تحکیم حافظۀ شاهد عینی است. این مطالعۀ کاربردی با روش آزمایشی (پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل) انجام گرفت. جامعۀ پژوهش شامل دانشجویان کارشناسی دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 است که از میان آن‌ها 80 نفر (21 مرد و 59 زن) به روش تصادفی خوشه‌ای انتخاب و به چهار گروه مساوی تقسیم شدند. شرکت‌کنندگان ابتدا ویدیویی درمورد سرقت از بانک مشاهده کردند و در جلسۀ دوم، با استفاده از پروتکل‌های مختلف با آن‌ها مصاحبه صورت گرفت (گروه کنترل بدون مصاحبه ماندند). در جلسۀ سوم، برای تمامی شرکت‌کنندگان یک تکلیف یادآوری آزاد برگزار شد. داده‌ها با روش تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره در نرم‌افزار SPSS-23 بررسی شد. طبق یافته‌ها، بین دو گروه شناختی و خودگردان در هیچ یک از جلسات یادآوری تفاوت معناداری دیده نمی‌شود. همچنین گروه ساختاریافته در جلسۀ نخست، اطلاعات درست کمتری از دو گروه شناختی و خودگردان به یاد آوردند، اما در جلسۀ دوم، این تفاوت فقط با گروه شناختی برقرار بود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد اجرای یادآوری اولیه با استفاده از تکنیک‌های حافظه می‌تواند به تحکیم حافظۀ شاهد عینی و یادآوری جزئیات بیشتر در مصاحبه‌های تأخیری کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effectiveness of Different Eyewitness Interview Tools in Memory Consolidation for Long-term Access

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Shahvaroughi 1
  • Hadi Bahrami Ehsan 2
  • Javad Hatami 3
  • Mohammad ali Shahvaroughi 4
  • Arash Monajem 1
  • Rui M. Paulo 5
1 Department of Psychology, Psychology and Educational Science Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Psychology, Psychology and Educational Science Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Psychology, Psychology and Educational Science Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
5 School of sciences, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
چکیده [English]

This study examines the effectiveness of different interviewing tools in consolidating eyewitness memory. This applied research used the post-test with control group design. The population includes all undergraduate students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science of the University of Tehran, studying in the academic year 2019-20. Eighty participants (21 males and 59 females) were selected using cluster sampling and divided into four groups of equal size. First, participants watched a video recording showing a bank robbery. In the second session, they were interviewed using an eyewitness interview tool (no interview session for the control group). In the last session, all participants were examined using a free recall task. Data were analyzed using MANOVA in SPSS-23 software. The results indicated no significant differences between the CI and the self-administered interview groups (SAI) in either the interview session or the delayed recall task. Participants in the structured interview group recalled significantly fewer details in the first interview session than did the CI and SAI groups. However, this significant difference was only found between the CI and SI groups in the delayed recall session. Thus, the results suggest that early recall can help consolidate witnesses' memory and help them recall more information in later recall attempts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Memory Consolidation
  • Eyewitness
  • Self-Administered Interview
  • Cognitive Interview
ساداتیان، س. ج. (1380). خواب و بیدار (سریال تلویزیونی). تهران: موسسۀ ناجی هنر.
Agren, T. (2014). Human reconsolidation: a reactivation and update. Brain Research Bulletin, 105, 70-82.
Ainsworth, P. (2002). Psychology and Policing. Portland, OR. Willan Publishing.
Allwood, C. M., Ask, K., & Granhag, P. R. A. (2005). The cognitive interview: Effects on the realism in witnesses’ confidence in their free recall. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(2), 183–198.
Begg, I., & Wickelgren, W. (1974). Retention functions for syntactic and lexical versus semantic information in recognition memory. Memory and Cognition, 2(2), 353–359.
Bekerian, D. A., & Dennett, J. L. (1993). The cognitive interview technique: reviving the issues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7(4), 275–98.
Berresheim, A., & Weber, A. (2003). Structured witness interviews and their effectiveness-Empirical findings on training success and evidentiary quality. Kriminalistik, 57(12), 757-770.
Bower, G. (1967). A multicomponent theory of the memory trace. In K.W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds.). The psychology of learning and motivation Vol.1, pp. 229-325. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Brewer, N., & Wells, G.L. (2011). Eyewitness identification. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 24-27.
Brock, P., Fisher, R., & Cutler, B. L. (1999). Examining the cognitive interview in a double-test paradigm. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5(1-2), 29–45.
Brown, D., Walker, D., & Godden, E. (2021). Tele-forensic interviewing to elicit children’s evidence—Benefits, risks, and practical considerations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(1), 17-29.
Chapman, A. J. & Perry, D. J. (1995). Applying the cognitive interview procedure to child and adult eyewitnesses of road accidents. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 44(4), 283-94.
Dale, M. D., & Smith, D. (2021). Making the case for videoconferencing and remote child custody evaluations: The evidentiary, ethical & empirical arguments for accepting new technology. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(1), 30-44.
Dando, C. J., Wilcock, R., & Milne, R. (2008). The cognitive interview: Inexperienced police officers' perceptions of their witness/victim interviewing practices. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13(1), 59-70.
Davis, M. R., McMahon, M., & Greenwood, K. M. (2005). The efficacy of mnemonic components of the cognitive interview: towards a shortened variant for time-critical investigations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 75–93.
Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.). USA, New York: Teachers college press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10011-000 (Original work published 1885).
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160.
Fisher, R. P. (1995). Interviewing victims and witnesses of crime. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1(4), 732-764.
Fisher, R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory-Enhancing Techniques in Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. USA, Illinois: Charles. C. Thomas.
Fisher, R. P., Falkner, K. L., Trevisan, M., & McCauley, M. R. (2000). Adapting the cognitive interview to enhance long-term (35 years) recall of physical activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 180–189.
Fisher, R. P., Geiselman, R. E. & Amador, M. (1989). Field test of the Cognitive Interview: Enhancing the recollection of the actual victims and witnesses of crime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 722-27.
Fisher, R. P., McCauley, M. R., & Geiselman, R. E. (1994). Improving eyewitness testimony with the cognitive interview, In D. Ross, J.D. Read, & M. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. London: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 245-269).
Fisher, R. P., Ross, S. J., & Cahill, B. S. (2010). Interviewing witnesses and victims, In P. A. Granhag (Eds.), Forensic psychology in context: Nordic and international approaches, Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing (pp. 56-74).
Flexser, A., & Tulving, E. (1978). Retrieval independence in recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 85(3), 153-171.
Gabbert, F., Hope, L., & Fisher, R. P. (2009). Protecting eyewitness evidence: examining the efficacy of a self-administered interview tool. Law & Human Behavior, 33(4), 298–307.
Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Allan, K. (2003). Memory conformity: Can eyewitnesses influence each other's memories for an event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(5), 533–543.
Gawrylowicz, J., Memon, A., & Scoboria, A. (2014). Equipping witnesses with transferable skills: The Self-Administered Interview. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(4), 315-325.
Geiselman, R. E., & Fisher, R. P. (2014). Interviewing Witnesses and Victims, In M. St. Yves (Eds.), Investigative Interviewing: Handbook of Best Practices. Toronto: Thomson Reuters Publishers.
Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., Firstenberg, I., Hutton, L. A., Sullivan, S., Avetissian, I., & Prosk, A. (1984). Enhancement of eyewitness memory: An empirical evaluation of the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 12(1), 74 –80.
Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D. P. & Holland, H. L. (1985). Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(2), 401–12.
Gentle, M., Milne, R., Powell, M. B., & Sharman, S. J. (2013). Does the cognitive interview promote the coherence of narrative accounts in children with and without an intellectual disability? International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 60(1), 30-43.
George, R. C., & Clifford, B. R. (1992). Making the most of witnesses. Policing, 8(3), 185–98.
Ginet, M., & Verkampt, F. (2007). The cognitive interview: Is its benefit affected by the level of witness emotion? Memory, 15(4), 450-464.
Goldsmith, M., Koriat, A., & Pansky, A. (2005). Strategic regulation of grain size in memory reporting over time. Journal of Memory and Language, 52(4), 505–525.
Granhag, P. R. A., Jonsson, A. C., & Allwood, C. M. (2004). The cognitive interview and its effect on witnesses’ confidence. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 10(1), 37–52.
Greenwood, P. W., & Petersilia, J. (1975). The criminal investigation process: Volume I: Summary and policy implications. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R1776.htm
Hamilton, G., Whiting, E. A., Brubacher, S. P., & Powell, M. B. (2017). The effects of face-to-face versus live video-feed interviewing on children’s event reports. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22(2), 260– 273.
Holliday, R. E. (2003). The effect of a prior cognitive interview on children's acceptance of misinformation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(4), 443-457.
Hope, L., Gabbert, F., & Fisher, R. P. (2011). From laboratory to the street: Capturing witness memory using the Self‐Administered Interview. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16(2), 211-226.
Hope, L., Gabbert, F., Fisher, R. P., & Jamieson, K. (2014). Protecting and enhancing eyewitness memory: The impact of an initial recall attempt on performance in an investigative interview. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(3), 304-313.
Horry, R., Hughes, C., Sharma, A., Gabbert, F., & Hope, L. (2021). A meta-analytic review of the Self-Administered Interview: Quantity and accuracy of details reported on initial and subsequent retrieval attempts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 428–444.
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2011). Introduction to SPSS statistics in psychology: for version 19 and earlier. UK, London: Pearson.
Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O., & Nadel, L. (2007). Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learning & Memory, 14(1-2), 47-53.
Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., & Nadel, L. (2009). Episodic memory reconsolidation: updating or source confusion? Memory, 17(5), 502-510.
Hupbach, A., Hardt, O., Gomez, R., & Nadel, L. (2008). The dynamics of memory context-dependent updating. Learning & Memory, 15(8), 574579.
Kebbell, M. R., & Milne, R. (1998). Police officers' perception of eyewitness performance in forensic investigations. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(3), 323 −33.
Kohnken, G., Milne, R., Memon, A., & Bull, R. (1999). The cognitive interview: a meta-analysis. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5(1), 3–27.
Kӧhnken, G., Schimossek, E., Aschermann, E., & Hӧfer, E. (1995). The cognitive interview and the assessment of the credibility of adult statements. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(6), 671–684.
Kois, L. E., Cox, J., & Peck, A. T. (2021). Forensic e-mental health: Review, research priorities, and policy directions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(1), 1–16.
Kraus, U., Zeier, F., Wagner, W., Paelecke, M., & Hewig, J. S. (2017). Comparing the quality of memory reports in different initial eyewitness questioning approaches. Cogent Psychology, 4(1), 1-15.
Larsson, A. S., Granhag, P. A., & Spjut, E. (2003). Children’s recall and the Cognitive Interview: Do the positive effects hold over time? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 203-14.
Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(1), 19-31.
Malpass, R. S. (1990). Techniken zur Verbesserung der Gedachtnisleistung. In G. Kohnken & S. L. Sporer (Eds.), Identijzierung von Tatverdachtigen durch Augenzeugen. Gottingen: Hogrefe.
Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981). Guided memory in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(3), 343-50.
Matsuo, K., & Miura, H. (2017). Effectiveness of the Self-Administered Interview and drawing pictures for eliciting eyewitness memories. Psychology, Psychiatry & Law, 24(5), 643-654.
McCauley, M. R., & Fisher, R. P. (1995). Facilitating children’s recall with the revised cognitive interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 510–516.
Mello, E. W., & Fisher, R. P. (1996). Enhancing older adult eyewitness memory with the cognitive interview. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(5), 403–417.
Memon, A., Meissner, C. A., & Fraser, J. (2010). The cognitive interview: A meta-analytic and study space analysis of the last 25 years. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(4), 340-72.
Memon, A., Wark, L., Bull, R., & Köhnken, G. (1997). Isolating the effects of the cognitive interview techniques. British Journal of Psychology, 88(2), 179–197.
Milne, R., & Bull, R. (2002). Back to basics: A componential analysis of the original cognitive interview mnemonics with three age groups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(7), 743–753.
Nash, R. A., Houston, K. A., Ryan, K., & Woodger, N. (2014). Remembering remotely: Would video-mediation impair witnesses’ memory reports? Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(8), 756–768.
Nori, R., Bensi, L., Gambetti, E., & Giusberti, F. (2014). Individual differences in the Enhanced Cognitive Interview: the role of imagery. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(9), 833-851.
Paulo, R. M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Bull, R. (2015). The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Expressions of uncertainty, motivation and its relation with report accuracy. Psychology, Crime & Law, 22(4), 366-381.
Paulo, R. M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Bull, R. (2016). Improving the enhanced cognitive interview with a new interview strategy: Category clustering recall. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(5), 775–784.
Paulo, R. M., Albuquerque, P. B., Vitorino, F., & Bull, R. (2017). Enhancing the cognitive interview with an alternative procedure to witness-compatible questioning: Category clustering recall. Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(10), 967-982.
Penrod, S. D., Loftus, E. F., & Winkler, J. (1982). The reliability of eyewitness testimony: A psychological perspective. In N. L. Kerr & R. M. Bray (Eds.), The Psychology of the Courtroom. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Pescod, L., Wilcock, R., & Milne, R. (2013). Improving Eyewitness Memory in Police Call Centre Interviews. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 7(3), 299–306.
Reyna, V. F., & Kiernan, B. (1994). The development of gist versus verbatim memory in sentence recognition: Effects of lexical familiarity, semantic content, encoding instruction and retention interval. Developmental Psychology, 30(2), 178–191.
Ritscher, C. (2021). COVID-19 and International Crimes Trials in Germany. Journal of International Criminal Justice, mqaa055. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa055
Roos, C. R. (2007). An examination of investigative interviewing techniques using road crash incidents as stimuli. Ph.D. dissertation. School of Psychology and Counselling. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
Rubin, D. C., & Wenzel, A. E. (1996). One hundred years of forgetting: A quantitative description of retention. Psychological Review, 103(4), 734–760.
Shahvaroughi, A., Bahrami Ehsan, H., Hatami, J., Monajem, A., & Paulo, R. M. (2021). Testing a modified cognitive interview with category clustering recall in Iran. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 148-159.
Shaw, J. S., Bjork, R. A., & Handal, A. (1995). Retrieval-induced forgetting in an eyewitness-memory paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(2), 249–253.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. UK, London: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Tuckey, M. R., & Brewer, N. (2003). The influence of schemas, stimulus ambiguity, and interview schedule on eyewitness memory over time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(2), 101–118.
Tulving, E. (1974). Cue-dependent forgetting. American Scientist, 62(1), 74-82.
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352–73.
Verkampt, F., & Ginet, M. (2010). Variations of the cognitive interview: Which one is the most effective in enhancing children's testimonies? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(9), 1279–1296.
Wickens, D. D. (1970). Encoding categories of words: An empirical approach to meaning. Psychological Review, 77(1), 1-15.
Wilkinson, A. C., & Koestler, R. (1984). Generality of a strength model for three conditions of repeated recall. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 28(1), 43–72.
Wright, A., & Holliday, R. (2007). Enhancing the recall of young, young–old and old–old adults with cognitive interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 19–43.
دوره 12، شماره 4
اسفند 1400
صفحه 23-46
  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 اسفند 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 13 مرداد 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 20 مرداد 1400
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 10 بهمن 1400
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 اسفند 1400