تعیین‌کننده‌های تفاوت‌های فرهنگی در کارکردهای شناختی پایه؛ یک مطالعۀ کیفی مقدماتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، پژوهشکده اخلاق و تربیت، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناسایی عوامل فرهنگی تبیین‌کنندۀ تفاوت‌های میان‌فرهنگی در کارکردهای شناختی و نگاه به ویژگی‌های این عوامل در فرهنگ ایرانی بود. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف بنیادی است و از لحاظ نحوۀ گردآوری داده‌ها به روش کیفی با کاربست تکنیک تحلیل اسنادی انجام شد. از پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی سایک‌نت، پاب‌مد، الزویر، پایگاه مجلات تخصصی نور، پرتال جامع علوم انسانی و پایگاه مرکز اطلاعات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی برای جست‌وجوی منابع استفاده شد. پس از جست‌وجوی کلیدواژه‌ها، 100 مقاله نخست هریک از این پایگاه‌ها و درمجموع 600 مقاله که در فاصلۀ زمانی سال‌های 2020-2000 منتشر شدند، جامعۀ آماری این مطالعه بود. درمجموع 67 مقاله، معیارهای مشخص‌شده برای ورود به تحلیل را داشتند. تحلیل اسنادی به روش پیشنهادی اولثاید و اشنایدر (2013) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد 35 مشخصۀ فرهنگی می‌تواند تبیین‌کنندۀ تفاوت‌های فرهنگی در عملکرد شناختی باشد. این مشخصه‌ها در قالب سه دستۀ کلی شامل ویژگی‌های زبانی مانند سرعت گفتار و شباهت واجی، ویژگی‌های مربوط به خانواده و فرزندپروری مانند داربست و الگوهای والدگری، و ارزش‌ها و هنجارها مانند جهت‌گیری اجتماعی و خودتعبیری تقسیم‌بندی شدند. جامعۀ ایران در هریک از این دسته عوامل، ویژگی‌های اختصاصی خود را دارد و هریک می‌تواند به شکل متفاوتی از فرهنگ‌های دیگر، بر عملکرد شناختی اتباع ایرانی اثر بگذارد. این مطالعه دلالت‌های بسیاری برای آموزش شناختی و انجام پژوهش‌های آتی دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Determinants of Cultural Differences in Basic Cognitive Functions: an Introductory Qualitative Study

نویسنده [English]

  • Rouhollah Shahabi
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Ethic and Education, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Study, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that explain cultural differences in cognitive functions and to examine the characteristics of these factors in Iranian culture. This research is basic in its objectives and was conducted using a qualitative research method and the technique of document analysis. The official website of PsychNet, PubMed, Elsevier, Noormags, Ensani Portal and SID were used to search for articles. After searching for keywords, the statistical population of this study included the first 100 articles from each of these databases and a total of 600 articles published between 2000 and 2020. A total of 67 manuscripts met the criteria to be included in the analysis. Documentary analysis was conducted using the method of Altheide & Schneider (2013). The results indicated 35 cultural characteristics that could be considered to explain cultural differences in cognitive function. These 35 primary characteristics were divided into 3 categories: 1. linguistic characteristics such as speech rate and phonological similarity; 2. family and educational characteristics such as parental framework and parenting styles; 3. values and norms such as social orientation and self-concept. In each of the above categories, Iranian society had its own exclusive characteristics, and the subjects influenced Iranian children's cognitive functions differently from other cultures. This study may have many implications for cognitive training and future research.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Executive Function
  • Cultural Differences
  • Culture
  • Cognition
  • Documentary Analysis
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