Journal of Applied Psychological Research

Predicting Covid-19 Traumatic Stress and Post-Traumatic Growth in Nurses of Coronavirus Patient Care Unit Based on Perceived Social Support: The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Cognitive Emotion Regulation

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Science and psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 2. PhD student, Department of Clinical Psychology and Health, Faculty of Educational Science and psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

3 PhD student, Department of Clinical and general Psychology, Faculty of Educational Science and psychology, Allameh Tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational science, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to predict COVID-19 traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth in nurses of coronavirus patient care unit based on perceived social support considering the mediating role of self-compassion and cognitive emotion regulation. The present study is a descriptive correlation with the structural equation model and in terms of purpose is applied. The statistical population includes all nurses who worked in hospitals in Isfahan in 2021, of which 230 (143 female and 87 male) were selected through an available sample. Research instruments included the multidimensional perceived social support (MSPSS), self-compassion (SCS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), posttraumatic growth inventory (PGI), and COVID-19 traumatic stress scale (CTSS). Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling as well as SPSS-23 and Amos-23 were used to analyze the data. Results showed that perceived social support directly and indirectly through matched cognitive emotion regulation strategies and self-compassion had a positive effect on posttraumatic growth (β = 0.228, P < 0.01) and a negative effect on COVID-19 traumatic stress (β = -0.316, P < 0.01), whereas the relationship between non-matched cognitive emotion regulation strategies and posttraumatic growth was not significant (P < 0.05). The research findings not only have practical and theoretical implications, but also can be used as a useful model to provide nurses with adequate services to pave the way for growth and development after trauma and prevent covid-19 traumatic stress.

Keywords

افشاری، س. (1386). بررسی رابطۀ بین حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده، عزت‌نفس و عوامل شخصیتی با رضایتمندی از زندگی دانشجویان. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی. دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
برزگری دهج، ا.، جهانداری، پ.، محمودپور، ع.، و نادری، ر. (1397). نقش واسطه‌ای خودشفقتی در ارتباط بین نشخوار فکری و علائم افسردگی در جانبازان مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه. پرستار و پزشک در رزم. 6(19)، 40-32.
بشارت، م.، و بزازیان، س. (1393). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامۀ تنظیم شناختی هیجان در نمونه‌ای از جامعه ایرانی. مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پرستاری و مامایی. 24(84)، 70-61.
خانجانی، س.، فروغی، ع.، صادقی، خ.، و بحرینیان، س. (1395). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی نسخۀ ایرانی پرسشنامۀ شفقت به خود (فرم کوتاه). پژوهنده. 21(5)، 289-۲۸۲.
رجبی، غ.، نادری، ز.، و خجسته‌مهر، ر. (1392). بررسی پیشایندهای رشد و تکامل پس‌آسیبی (شکست رابطۀ عاشقانه) در دانشجویان. مجلۀ اصول بهداشت روانی. 15(58)، 466-475.
سبزه‌آرای لنگرودی، م. (1392). رابطۀ بین آرزوها و وابستگی‌های ارزش خود با شفقت خود، خودشیفتگی ناسالم، خودشناسی انسجامی و حرمت خود. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی عمومی. دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی. دانشگاه تهران.
عسگری، ز.، و نقوی، ا. (1398). تبیین فرایند رشد پس از سانحه: ترکیب مضمون مطالعات کیفی. مجلۀ روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران. 25(2)، 235-222.
هومن، ح. (1393). مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری با کاربرد نرم افزار لیزرل. تهران: سمت.
Cakmak, A. F., & Cevik, E. I. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: development of Turkish version of 18-item short form. African Journal of Business Management, 4(10), 2097-2102.
Chatzittofis, A., Karanikola, M., Michailidou, K., & Constantinidou, A. (2021). Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1435-1443.
Chen, R., Sun, C., Chen, J. J., Jen, H. J., Kang, X. L., Kao, C. C., & Chou, K. R. (2021). A large‐scale survey on trauma, burnout, and posttraumatic growth among nurses during the covid‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 102-116.
Chukwuorji, J. C., Chukwu, C. V., Uzuegbu, C. N., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Ugwu, C. (2020). Social support serves emotion regulation function in death anxiety among people living with hiv/aids. South African Journal of Psychology, 50(3), 395-410.
Cui, S., Jiang, Y., Shi, Q., Zhang, L., Kong, D., Qian, M., & Chu, J. (2021). Impact of covid-19 on anxiety, stress, and coping styles in nurses in emergency departments and fever clinics: a cross-sectional survey. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 2021(14), 585-594.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1045-1053.
Germer, C. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. Guilford Press. England.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Chen, Z., & Norballa, F. (2012). Self-compassion in iranian muslims: relationships with integrative self-knowledge, mental health, and religious orientation. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22(2), 106-118.
Huang, Q., Zhang, Q., An, Y., & Xu, W. (2019). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness and ptsd/ptg among firefighters: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109492.
Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., d'Acremont, M., & Zermatten, A. (2006). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ): Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the French translation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 126-131
Karanika, K., & Hogg, M. K. (2016). Being kind to ourselves: self-compassion, coping, and consumption. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 760-769.
Khursheed, M., & Shahnawaz, M. G. (2020). Trauma and post-traumatic growth: spirituality and self-compassion as mediators among parents who lost their young children in a protracted conflict. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2623-2637.
Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A., Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., Elwakeel, S. A., Sous, M. S. F., ... & Jamil, H. J. (2020). Measuring covid-19 as traumatic stress: initial psychometrics and validation. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(3), 220-237.
Maheux, A., & Price, M. (2016). The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self-compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 102-107.
Marroquín, B., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2015). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms: close relationships as social context and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(5), 836-855.
Orejuela-Dávila, A. I., Levens, S. M., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Tedeschi, R. G., & Sheppes, G. (2019). The relation between emotion regulation choice and posttraumatic growth. Cognition & Emotion, 33(8), 1709-1717.
Pan Cui, P., pan Wang, P., Wang, K., Ping, Z., Wang, P., & Chen, C. (2021). Post-traumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against covid-19. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 78(2), 129-135.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). Emotion regulation in romantic relationships: the cognitive consequences of concealing feelings. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(5), 599-620.
Santabárbara, J., Bueno-Notivol, J., Lipnicki, D. M., Olaya, B., Pérez-Moreno, M., Gracia-García, P., ... & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety in health care professionals during the covid-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review (on published articles in medline) with meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107, 110244.
Seligowski, A. V., Miron, L. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Relations among self-compassion, ptsd symptoms, and psychological health in a trauma-exposed sample. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1033-1041.
Seyburn, S. J., LaLonde, L., & Taku, K. (2020). A sense of growth among teenagers after hurting others: a potential application of posttraumatic growth theory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(1), 22-33.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). "Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
Wilson, J. M., Weiss, A., & Shook, N. J. (2020). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and savoring: factors that explain the relation between perceived social support and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109568.
Wong, C. C. Y., & Yeung, N. C. (2017). Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth: cognitive processes as mediators. Mindfulness, 8(4), 1078-1087.
Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2020). Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between covid‐19‐related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in china. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12(4), 1074-1094.
Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after ya’an earthquake: the role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214-222.
Zimet, G, Dahlem, N, Zimet S & Farley, G, (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support, Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
Journal of Applied Psychological Research
Volume 13, Issue 3
December 2022
Pages 327-341
  • Receive Date: 15 June 2021
  • Revise Date: 18 August 2021
  • Accept Date: 30 August 2021
  • First Publish Date: 22 November 2022
  • Publish Date: 22 November 2022