اثربخشی درمان شناختی-رفتاری گروهی بر نشانه‌های اختلال نارسایی توجه/فزون‌کنشی و کنش‌های اجرایی دانشجویان مبتلا به این اختلال

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری تخصصی، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران .

3 استاد، گروه آمار، دانشکدۀ ریاضی و آمار، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف تأثیر درمان شناختی-رفتاری گروهی بر نشانه‌های اختلال نارسایی توجه/فزون‌کنشی و کنش‌های اجرایی دانشجویان مبتلا به این اختلال انجام گرفت. روش پژوهش نیمه‌تجربی با طرح پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری یک‌ماهه با گروه کنترل بود. جامعۀ آماری، دانشجویان با علائم اختلال بودند که در شهر اصفهان سال 1400-1399 مشغول تحصیل بودند که پس از غربالگری، 10 زن و 10 مرد به روش تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل جایگزین شدند. ابزارها پرسشنامه‌های اختلال نارسایی توجه/فزون‌کنشی بزرگسالان (BAARS-IV)، نارسایی کنش‌وری اجرایی بزرگسالان (BDEFS)، پیوستار اوتیسم بزرگسالان (ASQ)، غربالگری اختلال دوقطبی (MDQ)، شخصیت‌سنج چندوجهی مینه‌سوتا (MMPI)، مصاحبۀ تشخیصی اختلال نارسایی توجه/فزون‌کنشی (DIVA) و آزمون نابسته به فرهنگ هوش (CCFIT) بودند. داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخۀ 24 و آزمون تحلیل واریانس اندازه‌های تکراری بررسی شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن بود که درمان شناختی-رفتاری به‌صورت معنادار موجب کاهش نشانه‌های همۀ خرده‌مقیاس‌های اختلال به غیر از فزون‌کنشی و همۀ خرده‌مقیاس‌های کنش‌های اجرایی می‌شود. نتایج آزمون بنفرونی حاکی از اثربخشی درمان در مرحلۀ پس‌آزمون برای همۀ خرده‌مقیاس‌ها به غیر از فزون‌کنشی و در مرحلۀ پیگیری به غیر از نارسایی توجه و فزون‌کنشی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بود؛ بنابراین ابعاد اختلال نارسایی توجه/فزون‌کنشی به‌جز فزون‌کنشی و نارسایی کنش‌های اجرایی در دانشجویان با نشانه‌های اختلال، تحت تأثیر درمان شناختی-رفتاری بهبود قابل‌ملاحظه نشان داد. درمانگران می‌توانند از این روش درمانی برای افزایش ارتقای سلامتی و توانمندی‌های دانشجویان مبتلا بهره بگیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder and Executive Functions in Students with ADHD

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahboubeh Moradi Siah Afshadi 1
  • Shole Amiri 2
  • Hooshang Talebi 3
1 1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
3 Department of Statistic, Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan. Iran.
چکیده [English]

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy on the symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Executive Functions in university students with ADHD. The method was semi-experimental, involving a control group, a pre-test, a post-test, and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population encompasses all students at universities in Isfahan in 2021 who exhibit symptoms of ADHD. Randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, ten males and ten females were selected following the screening. The following research tools were employed: the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (BAARS-IV), Barkley deficit in Executive Functions Scale (BDEFS), Autistic Spectrum Quotient (ASQ), Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CCFIT), and Diagnostic Interview for ADHD (DIVA). The data were processed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results indicated that group cognitive behavioral therapy significantly reduced the symptoms of all ADHD subscales, with the exception of hyperactivity, and all executive functions subscales. The results of the Bonferroni test indicated the effectiveness of the treatment in the post-test phase for all subscales (except hyperactivity) and the follow-up phase except attention deficit and hyperactivity. It could be concluded that the dimensions of ADHD variable except for hyperactivity and executive functions variable in students with ADHD show significant improvement under the influence of cognitive behavioral therapy. This treatment procedure can be employed by therapists to enhance the health and capabilities of students who are affected.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Cognitive Behavior Therapy
  • Executive Functions Deficiency
  • Students

مراجع

خیرجو، ا.، قره‌داغی، ع.، جعفری روشن، ف.، و حرفه دوست، م. (1397). اثربخشی درمان رفتاری-شناختی گروهی در بهبود نشانگان اختلال نقص‌توجه/بیش فعالی بزرگسالی و افسردگی، اضطراب و عزت‌نفس همراه با آن. اندیشه و رفتار در روان‌شناسی بالینی. 50(13)، 66-57. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jtbcp/Article/1118311
ظهیرالدین، ع.، آدینه، م.، راجزی اصفهانی، س.، و احمدی، آ. (1396). بررسی شیوع نارسایی توجه-بیش‌فعالی در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی. دوماهنامۀ علمی-پژوهشی طب توان‌بخشی. 6(4)، 239-231. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrm.2017.110459.1306
لاریچه، ز.، و حقایق، ع. (1396). مقایسۀ کارکردهای اجرایی، رفتارهای پرخطر و انگیزۀ تحصیلی بین نوجوانان با تیپ‌های صبحگاهی و شامگاهی. روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران. 23(4)، 453-438. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2586-fa.html
مشهدی، ع.، میردورقی، ف.، حسین‌زاده ملکی، ز.، حسنی، ج.، و حمزه‌لو، م. (1394). ساختار عاملی، اعتبار و روایی نسخۀ فارسی مقیاس نارسایی‌ها در کنش‌وری اجرایی بارکلی-نسخۀ بزرگسال. روان‌شناسی بالینی. 7(1)، 62-51. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2190
نجات‌بخش، ع.، فخاری، ع.، و صفائیان ع. (1383). بررسی میزان توافق مصاحبۀ بالینی با آزمون MMPI (فرم کوتاه) در تشخیص اختلالات شخصیت. طب داخلی روز. 10(2)، 30-۲۶. http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-265-fa.html
نجاتی‌صفا، ع. ا.، کاظمی، م. ر.، و علاقه‌بندراد، ج. (1382). ویژگی‌های اوتیستیک در جمعیت بزرگسال: شواهدی برای فرضیۀ پیوستار اوتیسم. تازه‌های علوم شناختی. 5(3)، 39-34. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-246-fa.html
هاشمی ملکشاه، ش.، علیزاده، ح.، رضایی، س.، و عسگری م. (1400). تدوین بستۀ آموزشی فعالیت‌های بدنی-حرکتی و بررسی اثربخشی آن بر کارکردهای اجرایی در کودکان با اختلال کمبود توجه/فزون‌کنشی. مجلۀ علوم روان‌شناختی. 20(104)، 1294-1279. http://psychologicalscience.ir/article-1-1334-fa.html
هومن، ح. ع.، و بهاری، پ. (1392). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس 2 هوش سیال کتل و رابطۀ آن با ماتریس‌های پیش‌رونده ریون. تحقیقات روان‌شناختی. 5(18)، 116-99. https://sid.ir/paper/207971/fa
 References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fifth edition text revision (DSM-5-TR). American psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
Barkley, R. A. (2011a). Barkley Adult ADHD-IV Rating Scale (BBAARS-IV). New York: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (2011b). Barkley deficits in execute functioning (BDEFS). New York: The Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (Ed.). (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-57877-000
Barkley, R. A. (2021). Implications of the executive function—self-regulation (EF-SR) theory of ADHD for estimates of persistence and prevalence. The ADHD Report, 29(5), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2021.29.5.8
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005653411471
Barzykowski, K., Hajdas, S., Radel, R., Niedźwieńska, A., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2021). The role of inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms in the occurrence of involuntary thoughts about the past and future: An individual differences study. Consciousness and Cognition, 95, 103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2021.103208
Becker, S. P., & Barkley, R. A. (2018). 'Sluggish cognitive tempo. In Tobias Banaschewski, David Coghill, and Alessandro Zuddas (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (pp. 147–153). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0015
Biederman, J., Lanier, J., DiSalvo, M., Noyes, E., Fried, R., Woodworth, K. Y., Biederman, I., & Faraone, S. V. (2019). Clinical correlates of mind wandering in adults with ADHD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 117, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.012
Cristofori, I., Cohen-Zimerman, S., & Grafman, J. (2019). Executive Functions. In M. D’Esposito, & J. Grafman (Eds.), The Frontal Lobes, Volume 163 of Handbook of Clinical Neurology (pp. 197-219). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00011-2
Dobson, K. S. (2013). The science of CBT: Toward a metacognitive model of change?. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 224–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.003
Fan, L., & Wang, Y. (2023). The relationship between executive functioning and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young children: A cross-lagged study. Current Psychology, 42, 21375–21383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03233-5
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170500471X
Fiske, A., & Holmboe, K. (2019). Neural substrates of early executive function development. Developmental Review, 52, 42–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2019.100866
Hashemi Malekshah, S., Alizadeh, H., Rezayi, S., & Asgari, M. (2021). Development of Physical-Motor Activities Training Package and Evaluation of its Efficacy on Executive Functions in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Psychological Science, 20(104), 1279-1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.20.104.1279 (In Persian)
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (Rev. ed., 2nd printing). University of Minnesota Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-02040-000
Huang, F., Qian, Q., & Wang, Y. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16, 161. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0686-1
Hennemann, S., Klan, T., & Witthöft, M. (2019). Aufmerksamkeitslenkung in der Verhaltenstherapie (Attention Control in Behavioral Therapy). Verhaltenstherapie, 29(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490074
Hepark, S., Janssen, L., de Vries, A., Schoenberg, P., Donders, R., Kan, C. C., & Speckens, A. (2019). The efficacy of adapted mbct on core symptoms and executive functioning in adults with adhd: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(4), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715613587
Hirschfeld, R. M., Williams, J. B., Spitzer, R. L., Calabrese, J. R., Flynn, L., Keck Jr, P. E., ... & Zajecka, J. (2000). Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1873–1875. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1873
Hooman, H. A., & Bahari, P. (2013). Cattell’s culture fair intelligence test psychometric properties and its relationship with Raven's progressive matrices. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 5(18), 99-116. https://sid.ir/paper/207971/en (In Persian)
Jones, S. E., Mulrine, S., Clements, H., & Hamilton, S. (2020). Supporting mental health service users to stop smoking: findings from a process evaluation of the implementation of smokefree policies into two mental health trusts. BMC Public Health, 20, 1619. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09673-7
Jurjako, M., & Malatesti, L. (2018). Psychopathy, executive functions, and neuropsychological data: A response to Sifferd and Hirstein. Neuroethics, 11(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-016-9291-6
Keller, G. (2015). Statistics for Management and Economics, Abbreviated (10th Ed.). Cengage Learning.
Kheirjoo, E., Gharadaghi, A., Jafari Roshan, F., & Herfedust, M. (2019). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy in improvement adult attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder syndrome and depression, anxiety, and self-steam problems with it. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 13(50), 57-66. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/jtbcp/Article/1118311 (In Persian)
Kincannon, J. C. (1968). Prediction of the standard MMPI scale scores from 71 items: the mini-multi. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025891
Kooij, J. J. S. & Francken, M. H. (2010) DIVA 2.0. Diagnostic Interview Voor ADHD in Adults bij volwassenen [DIVA 20 Diagnostic Interview ADHD in Adults]. DIVA Foundation. https://www.advancedassessments.co.uk/resources/ADHD-Screening-Test-Adult.pdf
Lariche, Z., & Haghayegh, S. A. (2017). The comparison of executive functions, risk behaviors, and academic motivation among adolescents with chronology type morningness and eveningness. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), 438-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.4.438 (In Persian)
Lynch, R. (2017). The Psychometric Properties of the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale—IV (BAARS-IV) in a College Sample. Doctoral Thesis. Faculty of Psychology, Florida State University, Florida, U.S.A. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/2018319314/
Mashhadi, A., Mirdoraghi, F., Hosainzadeh-Maleki, F., Hasani, J., & Hamzeloo, M. (2015). Factor structure, reliability and validity of Persian version of Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS)-Adult Version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2017.2190 (In Persian)
Mayer, J. S., Brandt, G. A., Medda, J., Basten, U., Grimm, O., Reif, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2022). Depressive symptoms in youth with ADHD: the role of impairments in cognitive emotion regulation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272(5), 793–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01382-z
Mitchell, J. T. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult adhd: Targeting executive dysfunction. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(8), 934-935. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs091
Molitor, S. J., Oddo, L. E., Eadeh, H. M., & Langberg, J. M. (2019). Executive function deficits in adolescents with ADHD: untangling possible sources of heterogeneity. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 27(3), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426618763125
Mohlman, J., & Gorman, J. M. (2005). The role of executive functioning in CBT: A pilot study with anxious older adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(4), 447–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.007
Montgomery, D. C. (1997). Design and Analysis of Experiments (4th Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Nakashima, M., Inada, N., Tanigawa, Y., Yamashita, M., Maeda, E., Kouguchi, M., ... & Kuroki, T. (2022). Efficacy of group cognitive behavior therapy targeting time management for adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Japan: a randomized control pilot trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(3), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720986939
Nejatbakhsh, A., Fakhari, A., & Safaian, A. R. (2004). An investigation on the clinical interview agreement with MMPI test (short form) in the diagnosis of personality disorders. Journal of Internal Medicine Today, 10(2), 26-30. http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.html (In Persian)
Nejati Safa, A. A., Kazemi, M. R., & Alaghband Rad, J. (2003). Autistic Features in Adult Population: Evidence for Continuity of Autistic Symptoms with Normality. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 5(3), 34-39. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-246-en.html (In Persian)
Nermend, M., Flaga-Gieruszyńska, K., Kroplewski, Z., & Nermend, K. (2022). Neurological Mechanisms of Diagnosis and Therapy in School Children with ADHD in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137615
Papp, S., Tombor, L., Kakuszi, B., Balogh, L., Réthelyi, J. M., Bitter, I., & Czobor, P. (2020). Impaired early information processing in adult ADHD: a high-density ERP study. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02706-w
Piras, F., Piras, F., Chiapponi, C., Girardi, P., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2015). Widespread structural brain changes in OCD: a systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies. Cortex, 62, 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.016
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381
Puente, A. N., & Mitchell, J. T. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD: A case study of multi-method assessment of executive functioning in clinical practice and manualized treatment adaptation. Clinical Case Studies, 15(3), 198-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650115614098
Cattell, R. (1949). Cultural free intelligence test, scale1, Handbook. IL: institute of personality and ability testing.
Riboldi, I., Crocamo, C., Callovini, T., Capogrosso, C. A., Piacenti, S., Calabrese, A., ... & Carrà, G. (2022). Testing the impact of depressive and anxiety features on the association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Academic Performance among University Students: A mediation analysis. Brain Sciences, 12(9), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091155
Sadeghi, M., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., & Amiri, S. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of Barkley adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening tool among the elderly. Scientifica, 2017, 9109783. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9109783
Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Sprich, S., Winett, C. L., Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43(7), 831–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.001
Safren, S. A., Sprich, S., Perlman, C., & Otto, M. W. (2017). Mastering your adult ADHD: A Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Program (Workbook: 2nd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Sedgwick-Müller, J. A., Müller-Sedgwick, U., Adamou, M., Catani, M., Champ, R., Gudjónsson, G., ... & Asherson, P. (2022). University students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN). BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03898-z
Shabani, A., Koohi-Habibi, L., Nojomi, M., Chimeh, N., Ghaemi, S. N., & Soleimani, N. (2009). The Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale and mood disorder questionnaire in screening the patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 12(1), 41–47. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19111028/
Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., Wasserstein, J., Mitchell, K., Abikoff, H., Alvir, J. M., & Kofman, M. D. (2010). Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 958–968. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081123
Solanto, M. V., Surman, C. B., & Alvir, J. (2018). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for older adults with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 10(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-018-0253-1
Troche, S. J., Wagner, F. L., Schweizer, K., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2016). The structural validity of the culture fair test under consideration of the item-position effect. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(2), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000384
Turkoglu, G. (2021). The effect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms on fracture occurrence in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 34(2), 134-140. https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1625753461-en.pdf
Véronneau-Veilleux, F., Robaey, P., Ursino, M., & Nekka, F. (2022). A mechanistic model of ADHD as resulting from dopamine phasic/tonic imbalance during reinforcement learning. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 16, 849323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2022.849323
Zahiroddin, A., Adine, M., Rajeziesfahani, S., & Ahmadi, A. (2017). Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity among the Students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 6(4), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrm.2017.110459.1306 (In Persian)
Zamani, L., Shahrivar, Z., Alaghband-Rad, J., Sharifi, V., Davoodi, E., Ansari, S., ... & Asherson, P. (2021). Reliability, criterion and concurrent validity of the Farsi Translation of DIVA-5: A semi-structured diagnostic interview for adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(12), 1666–1675. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720930816
Zhang, S. Y., Qiu, S. W., Pan, M. R., Zhao, M. J., Zhao, R. J., Liu, L., ... & Qian, Q. J. (2021). Adult ADHD, executive function, depressive/anxiety symptoms, and quality of life: A serial two-mediator model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.020
فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روانشناختی
دوره 15، شماره 4
دی 1403
صفحه 261-282

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 07 آبان 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 23 آذر 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 19 دی 1401
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 19 آذر 1403
  • تاریخ انتشار: 10 دی 1403

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار