رابطۀ علی شرم بیرونی، خودانتقادی و ترس از شفقت به خود با خودجرحی در میان دانشجویان: نقش میانجی‌گر افسردگی و درگیری عاطفی خانواده

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی،گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه روان شناسی ،دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

4 دانشیار، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی رابطۀ علی شرم بیرونی، خودانتقادی و ترس از شفقت به خود با رفتار خودجرحی با میانجی‌گری افسردگی و درگیری عاطفی خانواده در دانشجویان بود. جامعۀ آماری کلیۀ دانشجویان کارشناسی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ورودی 1399-1398 بودند. با نمونه‌گیری در دسترس، نمونه‌ای به حجم 258 نفر به‌منظور بررسی فرضیه‌ها انتخاب شد. به‌منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامۀ خود آسیبی عمدی گراتز (DSHI)، مقیاس شرم بیرونی گروس و همکاران (ESS)، مقیاس سطوح خودانتقادی تامسون و زوروف (LSCS)، مقیاس ترس از شفقت به خود گیلبرت و همکاران (FSCS)، پرسشنامۀ افسردگی بک (BDI) و مقیاس انتقاد و درگیری عاطفی خانوادۀ شیلدس و همکاران (FEICS) استفاده شد. ارزیابی الگوی پیشنهادی به روش الگویابی معادلات ساختاری در نرم‌افزار AMOS-24 انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد الگوی نهایی از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار است. همچنین مطابق یافته‌ها، اثرات مستقیم شرم بیرونی، خودانتقادی و ترس از شفقت به خود بر افسردگی و درگیری عاطفی خانواده معنادار بود (0.05>p). همچنین افسردگی و درگیری عاطفی خانواده، اثرات مثبت مستقیمی بر خودجرحی دارند. نتایج بوت‌استراپ نشان داد افسردگی و درگیری عاطفی خانواده میانجی‌گر رابطۀ شرم بیرونی، خودانتقادی و ترس از شفقت به خود با خودجرحی هستند (0.05>p). با توجه به یافته‌ها، اثرات غیرمستقیم شرم بیرونی، خودانتقادی و ترس از شفقت به خود بر خودجرحی از طریق نقش میانجی‌گر افسردگی و درگیری عاطفی خانواده تأیید شد، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که متغیرهای پیش‌بین به‌صورت غیرمستقیم بر رفتار خودجرحی دانشجویان تأثیر گذاشته‌اند.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Causal Relationship between External Shame, Self-Criticism and Fear of Self-Compassion and Self- Injury in Students: The Mediating Role of Depression and Family Emotional Involvement

نویسندگان [English]

  • Simin Heydarian 1
  • Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand 2
  • Iran Davoudi 3
  • Morteza Omidian 4
1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science. ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Department of Psychology , Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Shahidchamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,
3 Department of Psychology , Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Shahidchamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,
4 Department of Psychology , Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Shahidchamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between self-injury behaviors, external shame, self-criticism, and dread of self-compassion, with depression and family emotional involvement serving as mediators. In 2019, the statistical population comprised all undergraduates enrolled at Shahid Chamran University. A sample of 258 individuals was chosen in accordance with the sampling policy in place to test the research hypotheses. To gather data, the following instruments were utilized: Gratz’s Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), the External Shame Scale (ESS) developed by Gross et al., the Thomson and Zoroff Self-Criticism Scale (LSCS), the Fear of Self Compassion Scale (FSCS) by Gilbert et al., the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Criticism and Family Emotional Involvement Scale of Shields et al. (FEICS). The assessment of the suggested model was conducted utilizing AMOS-24 software in conjunction with structural equation modeling. The results demonstrated that the final model fits the data well. Additionally, the results indicated that the direct effects of external shame, self-criticism, and dread of self-compassion on both depression and emotional family conflict were (p<0.05). Depression and emotional conflict of the family also had direct positive effects on self-injury (p<0.05). Also, the results of Bootstrap to investigate the indirect effects showed that depression and emotional conflict in the family mediate the relationship between external shame, self-criticism and fear of self-compassion, and self-injury (p<0.05). Based on the findings that depression and family emotional involvement mediate the indirect effects of external shame, self-criticism, and fear of self-compassion on self-injury, it can be inferred that predictor variables have an indirect influence on self-injury behavior.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • External Shame
  • Fear of Self-Compassion
  • Depression
  • Family Emotional Involvement
  • Self-Injury Behaviors
بهرامی دشتکی، ه‍.، علی‌زاده، ح.، غباری بناب، ب.، و کرمی، ا. (1385). اثربخشی آموزش معنویت به شیوۀ گروهی بر کاهش افسردگی در دانشجویان. پژوهش‌های مشاوره (تازه‌ها و پژوهش‌های مشاوره). 5(19)، 72-49. https://www.sid.ir/paper/70150/fa
 بحری، س. ل.، و محمدی، ن. (1394). تحلیل‌عاملی تأییدی مقیاس انتقاد و درگیری عاطفی خانواده. خانواده‌پژوهی. 11(41)، 101-87. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96445.html
خانی‌پور، ح.، گلزاری، م.، شمس، ج.، زارع، ه‍‌.، و کرملو، س. (1392). رابطۀ نگرش‌های شرم مرتبط با اختلال‌های روانی با هیجان ابرازشده در اعضای خانوادۀ افراد با اختلال دوقطبی و اسکیزوفرنی. فصلنامۀ خانواده‌پژوهی. 9(34)، 254-241. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96271.html
فتح‌اله‌زاده، ن.، مجلسی، ز.، مظاهری، ز.، رستمی، م.، و نوابی‌نژاد، ش. (1396). اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت بر شرم درونی‌شده و خودانتقادی زنان آزاردیدۀ عاطفی. مطالعات روان‌شناختی. 13(2)، 168-151. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2017.12381.1274
فروغی، ع.، خانجانی، س.، کاظمینی، م.، و طیری، ف. (1394). ساختار عاملی و ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی نسخۀ ایرانی شرم بیرونی. روان‌شناسی و روان‌پزشکی شناخت. 2(2)، 57-49. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25886657.1394.2.2.7.1
حسینی، ع.، و محمودزاده، ز. (1398). رابطۀ تعارض والدین با یکدیگر و سبک‌های فرزندپروری ادراک‌شده با پرخاشگری و رفتارهای خودآسیب‌رسان در نوجوانان. سومین کنفرانس ملی نوآوری و تحقیق در اخلاق و تربیت، مناسبات دین و روان‌شناسی. تهران، ایران. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ENPCONF03-ENPCONF03_014.html.
References
Hoseini, A., & Mahmoudzadeh, Z. (2018). The relationship between parental conflict with each other and perceived parenting styles with aggression and self-injury behaviors in adolescents. Third National Conference on Innovation and Research in Ethics and Education, Religion and Psychology. Tehran, Iran. https://www.civilica.com/doc/967626 (In Persian)
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:American Psychiatric Publishing, (7th ed.). Arlington. https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
Ammerman, B. A., & Brown, S. (2018). The mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between parental expressed emotion and NSSI. Current Psychology, 37(1), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9516-1
Andover, M. S., Morris, B. W., Wren, A., & Bruzzese, M. E. (2012). The co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide among adolescents: Distinguishing risk factors and psychosocial correlates. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-11
Baetens, I., Andrews, T., Claes, L., & Martin, G. (2015). The association between family functioning and NSSI in adolescence: the mediating role of depressive symptoms. Family Science, 6(1), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2015.1056917
Baetens, I., Claes, L., Martin, G., Onghena, P., Grietens, H., Van Leeuwen, K., Pieters, C., Wiersema, J. R., & Griffith, J. W. (2014). Is nonsuicidal self-injury associated with parenting and family factors? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(3), 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613494006
Bahrami Dashtaki, H., Alhzadeh, H., Ghobaribonab, B., & Karami, A. (2006). The Effectiveness of Group Spirituality Training on Decreasing of Depression in Studentds. Counseling Research and Development, 5(19), 49-72. https://www.sid.ir/paper/70150/fa (In Persian)
Bahri, S, L., & Mohammadi, N. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale. Journalof Family Research, 10(4), 87-101. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96445.html (In Persian)
Bar, M., Schrieber, G., Gueron-Sela, N., Shahar, G., & Tikotzky, L. (2020). Role of self-criticism, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in young adults’ insomnia. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 13(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-019-00058-2
Barcaccia, B., Salvati, M., Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Curcio, G., Mancini, F., & Vecchio, G. M. (2020). Interpersonal forgiveness and adolescent depression: The mediational role of self-reassurance and self-criticism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 462-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01550-1
Beck, A. T., & Beamesderfer, A. (1974). Assessment of depression: the depression inventory. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry7(0), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000395074
Beck, A.T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, 78(2), 490-8. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000
Bentley, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). The four-function model of non-suicidal self-injury: Key directions for future research. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(5), 638-656. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613514563
Bhuptani, P. H., Kaufman, J. S., Messman-Moore, T. L., Gratz, K. L., & DiLillo, D. (2019). Rape disclosure and depression among community women: The mediating roles of shame and experiential avoidance. Violence Against Women. 25(10), 1226-1242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218811683
Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and youth: Risk factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry9, 540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00540
Blatt, S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical, and research perspectives. American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/10749-000
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books
Brunner, R., Kaess, M., Parzer, P., Fischer, G., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., ... & Wasserman, D. (2014). Life‐time prevalence and psychosocial correlates of adolescent direct self‐injurious behavior: A comparative study of findings in 11 European countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(4), 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12166
Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Ray-Sannerud, B. N., Etienne, N., & Morrow, C. E. (2014). Suicide attempts before joining the military increase risk for suicide attempts and severity of suicidal ideation among military personnel and veterans. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(3), 534-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.006
Buss, D. M. (2019). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. (6th ed., pp. 584). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429061417
Caldwell, J., Meredith, P., Whittingham, K., & Ziviani, J. (2021). Shame and guilt in the postnatal period: a systematic review. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 39(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2020.1754372
Cantz, P., & Kaplan, K. (2017). Biblical narratives for positive psychology and suicide prevention: an evidence supported approach. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(7), 654-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1383373
Carver, C. S., & Ganellen, R. J. (1983). Depression and components of self-punitiveness: High standards, self-criticism, and overgeneralization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92(3), 330-337. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.92.3.330
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
Cherry, M. G., Taylor, P. J., Brown, S. L., Rigby, J. W., & Sellwood, W. (2017). Guilt, shame and expressed emotion in careers of people with long-term mental health difficulties: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 249, 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.056
Demet, E. O., (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.013
Fatolaahzadeh, N., Majlesi, Z., Mazaheri., Z., Rostami, M., & Navabinejad., SH. (2017). The effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy with internalized shame and self-criticism on emotionally abused women. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 13(2), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2017.12381.1274 (In Persian)
Fliege, H., Lee, J., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B. (2009). Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013
Foroughi, A, A., Khanjani, S., Kazemeini, M., & Tayeri., F. (2015). Factor structure and psychometric properties of iranian version of external shame scale. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 2(2), 50-57. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25886657.1394.2.2.7.1 (In Persian)
Frey, L. M., & Cerel, J. (2015). Risk for suicide and the role of family: A narrative review. Journal of Family Issues, 36(6), 716-736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13515885
Gao, Y., Wang, H., Liu, X., Xiong, Y., & Wei, M. (2020). Associations between stressful life events, non‐suicidal self‐injury, and depressive symptoms among Chinese rural‐to‐urban children: A three‐wave longitudinal study. Stress and Health, 36(4), 522-532. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2954
Gilbert, P. (2007). The evolution of shame as a marker for relationship security: A biopsychosocial approach. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 283–309). The Guilford Press.
Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 263–325). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003459
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353-379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self‐criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice85(4), 374-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Irons, C., Bhundia, R., Christie, R., Broomhead, C., & Rockliff, H. (2010). Self‐harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self‐criticism, shame, and social rank. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 563-576. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X479771
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310x526511
Gratz, K. L. & Chapman, A. L. (2009). Freedom from self-harm: Overcoming self-injury with skills from DBT and other treatments. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications Inc.
Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment23(4), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1023/A;1012779403943
Gross, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measures—I: The other as Shamer scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 713-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90149-X
Hankin, B. L., & Abela, J. R. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: Prospective rates and risk factors in a 2 ½ year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 186(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.056
James, K., Verplanken, B., & Rimes, K.A. (2015). Self-criticism as a mediator in the relationship between unhealthy perfectionism and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030
Jiang, Y., Ren, Y., Liu, T., & You, J. (2021). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: Mediation through depressive symptoms and moderation by fear of self-compassion. Psychology and Psychotherapy94, 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12293
Khanipour, H., Golzari, M., Shams, J., Zare, H., & Karamlou, S. (2013).
Relationship between shame attitude towards mental disorders and expressed emotion in family members of people with bipolar and schizophrenia. Journal of Family Research, 9(2), 241-254. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96271.html (In Persian)
Kim, J., Talbot, N. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2009). Childhood abuse and current interpersonal conflict: The role of shame. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.10.003
Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self‐injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology63(11), 1045-1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20412
Klonsky, E. D., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Lewis, S., & Walsh, B. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury. Advances in psychotherapy: Evidence- based practice. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing.
LeBlanc, N. J., Toner, E. R., O'Day, E. B., Moore, C. W., Marques, L., Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2020). Shame, guilt, and pride after loss: Exploring the relationship between moral emotions and psychopathology in bereaved adults. Journal of Affective Disorders263, 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.164
Madge, N., Hawton, K., McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., De Leo, D., De Wilde, E. J., ... & Arensman, E. (2011). Psychological characteristics, stressful life events and deliberate self-harm: findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry20(10), 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0210-4
Madge, N., Hewitt, A., Hawton, K., Wilde, E. J. D., Corcoran, P., Feket9e, S., van Heeringen, K., De Leo, D., & Ystgaard, M. (2008). Deliberate self‐harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self‐harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(6), 667-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x
Madjar, N., Sarel-Mahlev, E., & Klomek, A. B. (2020). Depression symptoms as mediator between adolescents' sense of loneliness at school and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Crisis, 42(2), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000702
Mojahed. A., Rajabi, M., Khanjani, S., & Basharpoor, S. (2018). Prediction of self-injury behavior in men with borderline personality disorder based on their symptoms of borderline personality and alexithymia. International Journal of High-Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 7(3), e67693. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.67693
Pauley, G., & McPherson, S. (2010). The experience and meaning of compassion and self‐compassion for individuals with depression or anxiety. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(2), 129-143. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X471000
Perkins, N. M., Ortiz, S. N., & Smith, A. R. (2020). Self-criticism longitudinally predicts nonsuicidal self-injury in eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 28(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2019.1695450
Scheff, T. J. (2017). Being mentally ill: A sociological theory. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351328241
Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024405
Shields, C. G., Franks. P., Harp, J. J., McDaniel, S. H., & Dampbell, T. C. (1992). Development of the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale (FFEICS): A self- report scale to measure expressed emotions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18, 395-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1992.tb00953.x
Siegel, D. J. (2020). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. New York Guilford Publications.
Singh, V., & Behmani, R. K. (2018). Parenting style and adolescent suicide ideation: A review. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 3(2), 1245-1252. https://www.multidisciplinaryjournal.in/assets/archives/2018/vol3issue2/3-2-186-322.pdf
Swannell, S., Martin, G., Page, A., Hasking, P., Hazell, P., Taylor, A., & Protani, M. (2012). Child maltreatment, subsequent non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia and self-blame. Child Abuse & Neglect. 36(7-8), 572-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.005
Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2003). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
Thompson, R. & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale: comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences. 36(2), 419-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00106-5
Tlton-Weaver, L., Marshall, S. K., & Svensson, Y. (2019). Depressive symptoms and non-suicidal self-injury during adolescence: Latent patterns of short-term stability and change. Journal of Adolescence. 75, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.013
Wasserman, S., De Mamani, A. W., & Suro, G. (2012). Shame and guilt/self-blame as predictors of expressed emotion in family members of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 196(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.009
Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B., & Goodyer, I. (2011). Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury in the Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT). American Journal of Psychiatry. 168(5), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050718
Xavier, A., Gouveia, J. P., & Cunha, M. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: The role of shame, self-criticism and fear of self-compassion. Child & Youth Care Forum. 45(4), 571-586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-016-9346-1
Xavier, A., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Cunha, M., & Dinis, A. (2017). Longitudinal pathways for the maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: The pernicious blend of depressive symptoms and self-criticism. Child & Youth Care Forum. 46(6), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9406-1
Yamaguchi, A., & Kim, M. S. (2013). Effects of self-criticism and its relationship with depression across cultures. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v5n1p1
Yates, T. M. (2004). The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation. Clinical Psychology Review. 24(1), 35-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.001
Zeeck, A., von Wietersheim, J., Weiss, H., Hermann, S., Endorf, K., Lau, I., & Hartmann, A. (2020). Self-criticism and personality functioning predict patterns of symptom change in major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11, 147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00147
Zetterqvist, M., Lundh, L. G., Dahlström, Ö., & Svedin, C. G. (2013). Prevalence and function of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a community sample of adolescents, using suggested DSM-5 criteria for a potential NSSI disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 41(5), 759-773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9712-5
دوره 14، شماره 4
1402
صفحه 113-131
  • تاریخ دریافت: 17 آذر 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 22 بهمن 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 07 اسفند 1400
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 27 آذر 1402
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 دی 1402